Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Model - An Unified Concept for Earthquake Precursors Validation

The most important models of coupling in the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere system are considered. In some of these models, it is assumed that atmospheric acoustic and acoustic gravity waves (AGWs), which propagate through the atmosphere and reach ionospheric altitudes (resulting in the generation of electric field disturbances and modulation of charged particle density), are generated in the near-Earth atmosphere over the earthquake preparation region. In other models it is assumed that ionospheric disturbances originate owing to the modification of electric fields and currents due to electric processes in the lithosphere or near-Earth atmosphere. It seems impossible to stress on only one model and reject the remaining models because the characteristic spatial scales of effects observed in the ionosphere before earthquakes vary from 200–300 km to several thousand kilometers, and the characteristic times vary from several minutes to several days. We can assume that there are several physical mechanisms by which the lithosphere-ionosphere coupling is actually implemented.

Physical models of coupling in the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere system before earthquakes

Temporal and Spatial variations of Radon are recorded in soil gas and groundwater using two different techniques in Amritsar and Kangra valley.

Radon Recording of Uttarkashi Earthquake

This paper reviews modeling of the influence of earthquake (EQ) preparation processes on the ionosphere through the electric field and electric current occurring in the global atmosphere–ionosphere electric circuit. Our consideration is based on the satellite-and ground-based experimental data of electric fields, plasma and electromagnetic perturbations obtained for several days before an EQ. We have ruled out the models which are not consistent with the experimental data on the electric fields in the ionosphere and also on the ground surface. There has then been proposed a new model of the generation of electric field on the basis of injection of charged aerosols into the atmosphere, and we discuss the mechanism of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling. It is then shown that such changes in the electric field within the ionosphere induce a variety of plasma and electromagnetic phenomena associated with an impending EQ.

/pdf/generation-of-seismic-related-dc-electric-fields-and-5d03lo704k.pdf

Generation of Seismic-Related DC Electric Fields and Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling

/pdf/ionospheric-total-electron-content-tec-anomalies-associated-3k8cgv9uvj.pdf

Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) Anomalies Associated with Earthquakes through Karhunen-Loéve Transform (KLT)

. In the present work, phenomena in the ionosphere are studied, which are connected with earthquakes (16 events) having a depth of less than 50 km and a magnitude M larger than 4. Analysed are night-time Es-spread effects using data of the vertical sounding station Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (φ=53.0°, λ=158.7°) from May 2004 until August 2004 registered every 15 min. It is found that the maximum distance of the earthquake from the sounding station, where pre-seismic phenomena are yet observable, depends on the magnitude of the earthquake. Further it is shown that 1–2 days before the earthquakes, in the pre-midnight hours, the appearance of Es-spread increases. With a probability of more than 0.95, this increase of Es-spread observations before midnight is not casual.

/pdf/on-es-spread-effects-in-the-ionosphere-connected-to-1zv74zi3we.pdf

On Es-spread effects in the ionosphere connected to earthquakes

Basing on recent solar models, the excitation of ion-acoustic turbulence in the weakly-collisional, fully and partially-ionized regions of the solar atmosphere is investigated. Within the frame of hydrodynamics, conditions are found under which the heating of the plasma by ion-acoustic type waves is more effective than the Joule heating. Taking into account wave and Joule heating effects, a nonlinear differential equation is derived, which describes the evolution of nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in the collisional plasma.

/pdf/nonlinear-electrostatic-ion-acoustic-waves-in-the-solar-1roxooq95c.pdf

Nonlinear electrostatic ion-acoustic waves in the solar atmosphere

In this paper an analysis of the excitation conditions of mirror waves is done, which propagate parallel to an external magnetic field. There are found analytical expressions for the dispersion relations of the waves in case of different plasma conditions. These relations may be used in future to develop the nonlinear theory of mirror waves. In comparison with former analytical works, in the study the influence of the magnetic field and finite temperatures of the ions parallel to the magnetic field are taken into account. Application is done for the earth's magnetosheath.

/pdf/temperature-anisotropy-driven-mirror-waves-in-space-plasma-h421fi56x4.pdf

Temperature-Anisotropy Driven Mirror Waves in Space Plasma

The statistical analysis of the variations of the dayly-mean frequency of the maximum ionospheric electron density foF2 is performed in connection with the occurrence of (more than 60) earthquakes with magnitudes M > 6:0, depths h 5:5, h < 80 km, R < 1000 km. For the analysis, data of the Japanese station Akita from 1969-1990 are used, which were obtained every hour. It is found that before the earthquakes the occurrence probability of F spread decreases. In the week before the event, the decrease has values of more than 10 %. The statis- tical reliability of this phenomenon is also larger than 0.95. Examining the seismo-ionospheric effects, here periods of time with weak heliogeomagnetic disturbances are consid- ered, the Wolf number is less than 100 and the index Kp is smaller than 30.

On long-term variations of foF2 in the mid-latitude ionosphere before strong earthquakes

Acceleration and heating in the auroral magnetosphere by current-driven electrostatic ion-cyclotron turbulence

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