Experimental and numerical results concerning the flow induced by the break of a dam on a dry bed are presented. The numerical technique consists of a shock-capturing method of the Godunov type. A physical laboratory model has been employed to infer properties and validity of the numerical solution. Attention is also given to the applicability of the mathematical model, based on the shallow water equations, to this class of problems.

Experimental and numerical assessment of the shallow water model for two-dimensional dam-break type problems

A numerical model based upon a second-order upwind finite volume method on unstructured triangular grids is developed for solving shallow water equations. The HLL approximate Riemann solver is used for the computation of inviscid flux functions, which makes it possible to handle discontinuous solutions. A multidimensional slope-limiting technique is employed to achieve second-order spatial accuracy and to prevent spurious oscillations. To alleviate the problems associated with numerical instabilities due to small water depths near a wet/dry boundary, the friction source terms are treated in a fully implicit way. A third-order total variation diminishing Runge-Kutta method is used for the time integration of semidiscrete equations. The developed numerical model has been applied to several test cases as well as to real flows. Numerical tests prove the robustness and accuracy of the model.

Finite volume model for two-dimensional shallow water flows on unstructured grids

Modelling dam-break flows over mobile beds using a 2D coupled approach

[1] Our ability to predict complex environmental fluid flow and transport hinges on accurate and efficient simulations of multiple physical phenomenon operating simultaneously over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, including overbank floods, coastal storm surge events, drying and wetting bed conditions, and simultaneous bed form evolution. This research implements a fully coupled strategy for solving shallow water hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and morphological bed evolution in rivers and floodplains (PIHM_Hydro) and applies the model to field and laboratory experiments that cover a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. The model uses a standard upwind finite volume method and Roe's approximate Riemann solver for unstructured grids. A multidimensional linear reconstruction and slope limiter are implemented, achieving second-order spatial accuracy. Model efficiency and stability are treated using an explicit-implicit method for temporal discretization with operator splitting. Laboratory-and field-scale experiments were compiled where coupled processes across a range of scales were observed and where higher-order spatial and temporal accuracy might be needed for accurate and efficient solutions. These experiments demonstrate the ability of the fully coupled strategy in capturing dynamics of field-scale flood waves and small-scale drying-wetting processes.

Fully coupled approach to modeling shallow water flow, sediment transport, and bed evolution in rivers

Experimental and numerical results relating to dam-break flows are compared. Dam-break waves were generated by the quasi-instantaneous removal of a plate in a smooth prismatic channel of rectangular cross-section over horizontal dry and wet beds. The laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the initial stages of the free surface profiles using digital image processing. The flow characteristics were detected by applying an adequate, simple and economical measuring technique. The experimental results were compared with the results of a commercially available CFD program, solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with the k–ϵ turbulence model involving the shallow-water equations. Measured and computed free surface profiles during the initial dam-break stages indicate that although both models predict the dam-break flow with a reasonable accuracy, the agreement using the RANS model is better.

Dam-break flows during initial stage using SWE and RANS approaches

The movement on dry and wet beds of two-dimensional flood waves resulting from the instantaneous break of a dam are experimentally investigated using wave meters and pressure transducers in order to record the water depth variations and analyze the behaviour of the resulting flow. All measured data refer to a converging- diverging open-channel flume configuration of rectangular cross section equipped with a hypothetical dam located right at the throat of the flume. Measured signals were recorded and processed via a data aquisition system. The applied measurement technique was very satisfactory, simple and economic. The two-dimensional flow behaviour was well detected. Computational results, using a previously developed unsteady two-dimensional flow computer program were also compared with measurements and the comparisons were satisfactory. The measured data can also be used by other research workers in order to validate their numerical codes.

Experimental investigation of two-dimensional dam-break induced flows

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Experimental investigation of two-dimensional dam-break induced flows