https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/docs/robertson/swinton_et_al._2007_ecolecon.pdf

Ecosystem services and agriculture: Cultivating agricultural ecosystems for diverse benefits

Costs and benefits.

Since 1999, China has pursued Grain for Green, an ambitious conservation set-aside program to prevent soil erosion. This paper evaluates its cost-effectiveness and sustainability. The results indicate that while the program has made a clear attempt to retire plots that are susceptible to soil erosion, there is room for better targeting. The government also may be able to generate fiscal savings if the payments more accurately reflect the differences in the opportunity costs of each plot. The study finds that some farmers may reconvert the land back to cultivation after program ends.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4129667

Grain for Green: Cost-Effectiveness and Sustainability of China’s Conservation Set-Aside Program

An increasing amount of investment has been devoted to protecting and restoring ecosystem services worldwide. The efficiency of conservation investments, including payments for ecosystem services (PES), has been found to be affected by biological, political, economic, demographic, and social factors, but little is known about the effects of social norms at the neighborhood level. As a first attempt to quantify the effects of social norms, we studied the effects of a series of possible factors on people's intentions of maintaining forest on their Grain-to-Green Program (GTGP) land plots if the program ends. GTGP is one of the world's largest PES programs and plays an important role in global conservation efforts. Our study was conducted in China's Wolong Nature Reserve, home to the world-famous endangered giant pandas and >4,500 farmers. We found that, in addition to conservation payment amounts and program duration, social norms at the neighborhood level had significant impacts on program re-enrollment, suggesting that social norms can be used to leverage participation to enhance the sustainability of conservation benefits from PES programs. Moreover, our results demonstrate that economic and demographic trends also have profound implications for sustainable conservation. Thus, social norms should be incorporated with economic and demographic trends for efficient conservation investments.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/106/28/11812.full.pdf

Linking social norms to efficient conservation investment in payments for ecosystem services

This report estimates the impact that high levels of enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) have had on economic trends in rural counties since the program's inception in 1985 until today. The results of a growth model and quasi-experimental control group analysis indicate no discernible impact by the CRP on aggregate county population trends. Aggregate employment growth may have slowed in some high-CRP counties, but only temporarily. High levels of CRP enrollment appear to have affected farm-related businesses over the long run, but growth in the number of other nonfarm businesses moderated CRP's impact on total employment. If CRP contracts had ended in 2001, simulation models suggest that roughly 51 percent of CRP land would have returned to crop production, and that spending on outdoor recreation would decrease by as much as $300 million per year in rural areas. The resulting impacts on employment and income vary widely among regions having similar CRP enrollments, depending upon local economic conditions.

/pdf/the-conservation-reserve-program-economic-implications-for-39s2iyzww7.pdf

The Conservation Reserve Program: Economic Implications for Rural America

Given that the majority of conservation reserve program (CRP) contracts on approximately 36
million acres of enrolled land expire concurrently, re-enrollment decisions by farmers and the
federal government have high budgetary implications. Using a survey of over 8,000 CRP contract holders, we apply an ordered response discrete choice model to explicitly model the range in rental rates over which the representative farmer may be ambivalent to renewing the CRP contract.
Given the empirical results from the ordered response model, we estimate acreage re-enrollment as a function of the rental rate and compare them to results of a binomial choice model.

The Effect of Rental Rates on the Extension of Conservation Reserve Program Contracts

An economic criterion to identify the minimum variable incentive payment rates needed to induce farmers to adopt conservation practices is presented. The Erosion Productivity Economics Model (EPEM) was used to compare various conservation management systems to achieve established levels of erosion control. Findings suggest that there could be substantial net savings by targeting and recognizing the productivity impacts.

Targeting Soil Conservation Incentive Payments

Given that the majority of conservation reserve program (CRP) contracts on approximately 36 million acres of enrolled land expire concurrently, re-enrollment decisions by farmers and the federal government have high budgetary implications. Using a survey of over 8,000 CRP contract holders, we apply an ordered response discrete choice model to explicitly model the range in rental rates over which the representative farmer may be ambivalent to renewing the CRP contract. Given the empirical results from the ordered response model, we estimate acreage re-enrollment as a function of the rental rate and compare them to results of a binomial choice model.

The effect of rental rates on the extension of Conservation Reserve Program contracts

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The Effect of Rental Rates on the Extension of Conservation Reserve Program Contracts

Targeting Soil Conservation Incentive Payments

The effect of rental rates on the extension of Conservation Reserve Program contracts