The existing literature on the prevalence of drug driving, the effects of drugs on driving performance, risk factors and risk perceptions associated with drug driving was reviewed. The 12-month pre...

A review of drug use and driving: epidemiology, impairment, risk factors and risk perceptions

The modern trends in alcohol, drugs and driving research

This study conducted in New Zealand in 2012 investigated the attitudes, prevalence, habits and self-reported risks associated with drug-driving, along with possible countermeasures. Telephone and internet surveys were used for a general population sample. Face-to-face interviews, mainly in prisons, surveyed habitual users of four main drug types: alcohol and other drugs, cannabis, methamphetamine and benzodiazepine. Alcohol was the main substance used before driving, followed by alcohol and cannabis together and cannabis alone. Nearly half the general population respondents had driven after taking drugs or alcohol and a sizable proportion after taking drugs other than alcohol. Many respondents in the face-to-face group said they took risks when driving. Only a third had a full licence despite driving for more than 10 years. The majority had been involved in a crash, more than half being at fault. Countermeasures preferred by both the general population and the habitual drug users included randomised roadside testing, vehicle impoundment and enforcement. Social media was considered effective by the general population but not by the face-to-face group. Recommendations include research into the effects of drugs on driving and the development of programmes to reduce risky driving by drug users.

New Zealanders' attitudes towards drug-driving and suggested countermeasures

Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) has been a statutory offence in Ireland since the 1961 Road Traffic Act. The Medical Bureau of Road Safety (MBRS) is the independent forensic body responsible for chemical testing of intoxicants under that Act. There are graded penalties for driving under the influence of alcohol, dependant on concentration. The law does not set prohibited concentrations for drugs nor does it distinguish between legal and illegal drugs. As part of the Irish Governments Strategy for Road Safety 1998 - 2002, the MBRS was commissioned to carry out a nation-wide survey on the current trends and epidemiology in DUID in Ireland. Two thousand blood and urine samples sent to the MBRS under the Road Traffic Act 1994 were analysed. 1000 of the specimens were over the limit for alcohol and 1000 specimens were under the limit. Specimens were initially analysed for alcohol concentration by HS Gas Chromatography. They were then analysed for the presence of the following drugs or drug classes: amphetamines, methamphetamine, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, opiates and methadone using an enzyme immunoassay technique. Up to October 2001, over 1800 specimens were analysed and the preliminary results indicate 46% under the legal alcohol limit and 26% over the legal limit contain drugs. Polydrug use was observed at a level of 31% in the over the legal alcohol limit and 62% under the legal limit. These results indicate an increase in DUID since a previous survey in 1991. Confirmation of the findings will be presented and the distribution of drug types will be outlined. The high percentage drug positives found in the specimens tested indicates the need for analysis for the presence of drugs of all DUID specimens. The legislation with regard to drugs/driving will be reviewed in light of the findings, both analytical and epidemiological. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference, see ITRD Abstract No. E201067.

Driving under the influence of drugs in ireland: a growing and significant danger

In order to assess the consumption of drugs by drivers in the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, a roadside survey was conducted during 3 months. Following accident or erratic driving, drivers stopped by the police were submitted to a breathalyzer test. In case of positive result or suspicion of drug consumption, urine was taken in addition to blood. Urine was analyzed by immunoassays and GC/MS. Blood analysis was performed by chromatographic methods on urine-positive cases to determine if the suspect was under the influence at the time he/she was driving. During the study, 140 samples were analyzed. 78% were positive for alcohol (greater than 0.8%). Average BAC was 1.36%. 44% of the drivers were positive for drug(s) other than alcohol. Cannabis was the most frequently detected drug (27% of all cases) followed by benzodiazepines, cocaine, opiates, methadone and amphetamines. Cannabis was also the only drug detected in 51% of drivers below age 25. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference, see ITRD Abstract No. E201067.

Roadside survey in the canton of geneva, switzerland

In Switzerland, drivers may be tested for alcohol in blood, but also for the consumption of drugs that may reduce driving performance. In the state of Geneva, about 1200 alcohol analyses are made each year vs. 50-80 drug analyses only. This paper presents the results of drug screening from 1995 to 1999. A total of 311 urine samples have been tested for 7 parameters (amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, methadone, opiates). The results show that cannabis is the most frequent drug, after alcohol. As those 311 samples represent 5% only of all drivers tested, we are planning to make a road side survey during 6 month. During this period, all drivers stopped by the police for a breathalyzer test would be tested for urine also. The interpretation of the results should help us understand if there are more drugged drivers than thought before, and if policemen should be instructed to investigate further even if the driver is drunk. For the covering abstract see ITRD E106992.

Driving under the influence of drugs in the canton of geneva, switzerland. Results and road side survey project

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Driving under the influence of drugs in the canton of geneva, switzerland. Results and road side survey project