The increasing need for food, space and other conditions for human survival generate greater anthropic interferences with the environment. Intensively and improperly tilled soils are degraded and illegal civil construction in rural areas is causing problems. Different techniques are being used to ameliorate these soils, mainly by the addition of organic matter, but information on the time required for soil recovery, influence of the organic matter type and on indicators of soil alterations is still rare. Our study aimed to recover the properties of an Oxisol used for the leveling and implantation of the hydroelectric power station of Ilha Solteira, Sao Paulo. Bulk density and water infiltration rate were used as indicators of soil physical quality. The experiment was carried out in an area where a layer of 8.60 m of soil had been removed. The experiment had a randomized block design with five replicates and five treatments: control plot (open soil without amelioration); tree species Goncalo-alves (Astronium fraxinifolium Schott); Goncalo-alves + Canavalia ensiformis; Goncalo-alves + Raphanus sativus; and Goncalo-alves + Brachiaria decumbens + sewage sludge (60 Mg ha-1). Bulk density was evaluated before and 356 days after treatment installation, whereas soil water infiltration was determined 188 days after treatment installation. Improvements in the soil quality where obtained with tillage and sewage sludge and green manure application. Bulk density and soil water infiltration were useful as indicators of the improvements. Different sources of organic matter added to the soil and the action of soil tillage interact in a similar way in the recovery of soil quality, but the Goncalo-alves trees grew highest with the combination of sewage sludge and Brachiaria decumbens.

/pdf/densidade-do-solo-e-infiltracao-de-agua-como-indicadores-da-2fpb9f5th9.pdf

Densidade do solo e infiltração de água como indicadores da qualidade física de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico em recuperação

Objetivou-se, no trabalho, avaliar o efeito de doses e fontes de nitrogenio nas caracteristicas produtivas e qualitativas da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x3x3 (5 doses de N, 3 fontes de nitrogenio e 3 cortes), com 4 repeticoes. As doses de N foram: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg/ha/corte, com as fontes: Entec - sulfonitrato de amonio + inibidor de nitrificacao (dimetilpirazolfosfato), Sulfato de Amonio e Ureia, sendo os cortes realizados em novembro/2006, dezembro/2006 e janeiro/2007. As coletas foram realizadas com intervalos entre corte de 30, 30 e 34 dias onde se determinou a produtividade de massa seca, teor de proteina bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente acido (FDA), nutrientes digestiveis totais (NDT) e teor de clorofila. As leituras no clorofilometro foram lineares crescentes quando se utilizaram o Entec e a Ureia, ate 200 kg/ha de N e, ate 174 kg/ha de N, com a utilizacao do Sulfato de amonio; apresentando correlacao significativa com os teores de N na planta. Independente da fonte nitrogenada, a aplicacao de doses crescentes de ate 200 kg de N/ha/aplicacao na forrageira Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu proporcionou incremento na producao de massa seca, melhorando a composicao bromatologica por aumentar os teores de PB e NDT e, diminuicao dos teores de FDN e FDA.

/pdf/produtividade-e-composicao-bromatologica-do-capim-marandu-a-4u06lwnr9v.pdf

Produtividade e composição bromatológica do capim-marandu a fontes e doses de nitrogênio

Nitrogen deficiency is one of the important causes of degradation of cultivated pasture, mainly in the case of Brachiaria pastures. Soil recovery is a way to restore the productive capacity of pastures in degradation. Among nutrients, nitrogen is considered essential and largely responsible for pasture area recovery. The research objective was to evaluate the effects of application of nitrogen doses and sources on marandu grass pasture over a period of three years, based on soil chemical characteristics such as pH, exchangeable aluminum, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen (N-NO3-, N-NH4+). The experiment was carried out from July 2003 to March 2006 on a model farm of the Universidade Estadual de Goias, in an area of 882 m2. Pasture had been grown for more than ten years and was considered in moderate degradation phase, in view of the low herbage yields. A split-plot combination with three replications was used. The experiment had a complete randomized block, 2 x 4 factorial design, with two N sources (ammonium sulfate and urea) and four N doses (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1 yr-1 ). After three years of continuous nitrogen application at highest doses to marandu grass, the soil pH decreased from 5.6 to 4.6 and Al3+ content increase from 0.05 to 0.41 cmolc dm-3. The ammonium sulfate source increased soil acidity more than urea. Application of high nitrogen rates increased Al and organic matter contents, soil total nitrogen, N-NO3- and N-NH4+. The N-NH4+ contents were higher than N-NO3- in all nitrogen doses and years evaluated.

/pdf/doses-e-fontes-de-nitrogenio-em-pastagem-de-capim-marandu-i-353v9mg5es.pdf

Doses e fontes de nitrogênio em pastagem de capim-marandu: I - alterações nas características químicas do solo

The reconstitution of soil fertility is essential in the process of pasture restoring, liming being the first action to be taken in this direction. The liming recommendation for pastures needs more technical information as the application method and rate. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the liming and fertilization practices to restore a degraded Brachiaria decumbens pasture. The following factors were studied: liming method (incorporated in soil by disking or not); level of base saturation (40, 50 or 80%) and lime type (55, 70 or 90 of ECC). Liming and fertilization (NPK and micronutrients) increased both the forage yield and its root system, these being more evident in the second year, even using the same rates of lime and fertilizer used during the first year. After two years the levels of base saturation aimed for the 0 to 0.20 m soil layer were not achieved, neither was the neutralization of the Al. The disking impaired the development of the root system of B. decumbens and promoted the decrease of soil organic matter. The lime with the lowest ECC increased root growth and led to higher concentrations of Ca and Mg in the soil. Studies in other conditions are necessary to define liming requirements in established and degraded pastures.

/pdf/liming-and-fertilization-to-restore-degraded-brachiaria-59qyvjn861.pdf

Liming and fertilization to restore degraded Brachiaria decumbens pastures grown on an entisol

The current high price of potassium chloride and the dependence of Brazil on imported materials to supply the domestic demand call for studies evaluating the efficiency of alternative sources of nutrients. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of silicate rock powder and a manganese mining by-product, and secondary materials originated from these two materials, on soil chemical properties and on brachiaria production. This greenhouse experiment was conducted in pots with 5 kg of soil (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo [...]

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcs/v39n1/0100-0683-rbcs-39-1-0194.pdf

Effect of alternative multinutrient sources on soil chemical properties

Resposta de uma espécie de braquiária à fertilização com nitrogênio e potássio em um solo ácido

Crescimento de uma espécie de braquiária, na presença da calagem em cobertura e de doses de nitrogênio

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Resposta de uma espécie de braquiária à fertilização com nitrogênio e potássio em um solo ácido

Crescimento de uma espécie de braquiária, na presença da calagem em cobertura e de doses de nitrogênio