A solution is introduced in which, instead of providing an object with all information, some of the information is provided by means of one or more group definitions. This is achieved by performing a grouping operation during which an object having object data defining at least one property of the object is assigned to a group having at least one group definition defining at least one feature shared by objects assigned to the group; and storing as mapping information a grouping time indicating the time the grouping operation was performed to the object and a link between the object and the group.

Computer-aided modeling

Three dimensional (3D) geological model is frequently used to represent the geological conditions of the subsurface. The generalized triangular prism (GTP) model designed for borehole sampling data is a spatial data model that could retain the internal connection between the three adjacent boreholes and distinguish between the bedding and cross-bedding directions, which is proper for accurate 3D geological modeling. The traditional building method cannot consider two factors: the borehole distance is usually longer than the stratigraphic thickness, and the top and the bottom surface have different accuracy at the same time. In this study, we describe the new interpolation method for the GTP 3D geological model to improve the model accuracy with sparse borehole data. Firstly, definition and calculation method of the GTP model smoothness are proposed to measure the model smoothness and accuracy degree, which are used to decide whether the GTP voxel requires interpolation. Secondly, the virtual borehole design and calculation method for the GTP voxel subdivision in terms of the GTP geometric smoothness are discussed in detail. Finally, the GTP adaptive interpolation can be performed through the GTP voxel subdivision and the geometric optimization rebuilding. This method could adaptively interpolate the existing GTP model by local updating without changing the GTP model structure, it has high efficiency compared to the classical method. In addition, the feasibility and accuracy of this method could be proven by the actual case. The study will provide a new and reliable interpolation method for the GTP model, and it is also conducive to economic geology related research.

Adaptive Interpolation Method for Generalized Triangular Prism (GTP) Geological Model Based on the Geometric Smoothness Rule

With the rapid development of computer technology and spatial information theory, 3D geological modeling and visualization has become a hot spot in geosciences research such as mathematics geology, geotechnical engineering and so on. In recent years, several kinds of modeling methods have been developed for 3D modeling of simple geological structures. However, for complex geological structures, such as stratal pinch-out, fold and fault, there are still not any automatic modeling methods. This paper mainly introduces an effective method to model geological body with stratal pinch-out based on degradated GTP (Generalized Tri-Prism) model. By using inputted parameter, further degradation (parameterized degradation) could be evolved from simple degradated GTP model. The result of further degradation could be divided into two parts, one part belongs to the current strata, and the other part belongs to previous strata or user specified strata. Compared with standard GTP method, the stratum body modeled by this new method is more accurate and more consistent with the real stratal situation.

A novel method for modeling complex 3D geological body with stratal pinch-out

The invention discloses a remote sensing image generalized shadow spectrum reconstruction method and system based on statistics, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining remote sensing image datato be subjected to spectrum reconstruction, carrying out the radiometric calibration of the remote sensing image data, converting the remote sensing image data into radiation data, and carrying out the data cutting of a to-be-subjected spectrum reconstruction region; performing mixed spectrum decomposition on the spectrum reconstruction area after data cutting, and extracting a shadow base component; deducing a generalized shadow consistency spectrum reconstruction equation according to a radiation transmission theory; and based on statistical equation estimation, obtaining spectral parameters, and realizing generalized shadow spectral reconstruction of the remote sensing image to be subjected to spectral reconstruction. According to the method, the classical definition of traditional remote sensing image shadows is broken through, a generalized shadow consistency spectrum reconstruction equation is derived, the reconstruction result is natural in color transition, the texture is moreprominent, no edge effect exists, and the effect is very remarkable; and the fidelity of the information recorded by the image data is kept to the greatest extent.

Remote sensing image generalized shadow spectrum reconstruction method and system based on statistics

3D integral modeling of geology-excavation entities is an important issue of 3D GIS. Based on the past research results of Generalized Tri-Prism (GTP), its modeling object, constituent primitives and topological description mode are extended and amended. According to the extended-GTP model, 8 kinds of geometric primitives and 6 kinds of geological primitives are abstracted from geology-excavation entities, and 3D integral model of geology-excavation entities is put forward. Considering the characteristics of borehole data and GTP modeling process, the 3D constructing inference rule of geological model, which can solve referencing and automatic modeling problem of complex geological entities like bifurcation, pinch-out and fault, is detailed studied. In order to ensure the uniqueness, liability and local operation of converting from GTP into tetrahedron, the Smallest Vertex Identifier (SVID) method is proposed. An experimental system of 3D integral modeling of geology-excavation entities is developed and practically applied in Central Business District (CBD) in Beijing.

A 3D Integral Data Model for Subsurface Entities Based on Extended GTP

Improper compensation and resettlement for land acquisition and building removal cause many problems. The traditional methods of preservation of evidence show inadequate in solving the problems. In this paper, the concepts of natural evidence, natural preservation of evidence and general preservation of evidence were proposed, based on remote sensing image which has objective truth, timeliness and high spatial resolution, and GIS efficient data management capabilities and visualization expression for the transformation of old city large scale area building removal. An exploratory research was given combined with a building removal area of Beijing.

Research on Preservation of Evidence Based on Remote Sensing Image Supported by GIS

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A 3D Integral Data Model for Subsurface Entities Based on Extended GTP

Research on Preservation of Evidence Based on Remote Sensing Image Supported by GIS