Methods for forming or patterning nanostructure arrays are provided. The methods involve formation of arrays on coatings comprising nanostructure association groups, formation of arrays in spin-on-dielectrics, solvent annealing after nanostructure deposition, patterning using resist, and/or use of devices that facilitate array formation. Related devices for forming nanostructure arrays are also provided, as are devices including nanostructure arrays (e.g., memory devices). Methods for protecting nanostructures from fusion during high temperature processing are also provided.

Methods and devices for forming nanostructure monolayers and devices including such monolayers

Ligand compositions for use in preparing discrete coated nanostructures are provided, as well as the coated nanostructures themselves and devices incorporating same. Methods for post-deposition shell formation on a nanostructure and for reversibly modifying nanostructures are also provided. The ligands and coated nanostructures of the present invention are particularly useful for close packed nanostructure compositions, which can have improved quantum confinement and/or reduced cross-talk between nanostructures.

Post-deposition encapsulation of nanostructures: compositions, devices and systems incorporating same

Aqueous lithium ion batteries (LIBs) can fundamentally resolve the safety problem arising from the use of highly toxic and flammable organic solvents, and effectively reduce the manufacturing cost. But many reported aqueous lithium ion battery systems have shown poor stability with capacity retention decreasing rapidly. Taking the silver vanadium oxide (SVO) system as an example, this work focuses on the influence of crystal structural stability on the cycle performance of electrode materials in aqueous electrolyte. β-Vanadium bronze M0.33V2O5 (M = Ag, Na) nanowires were fabricated through a facile precursor-treatment route and, for the first time, used as anode candidates for aqueous lithium ion batteries. The electrochemical measurements showed that M0.33V2O5 nanowires with 3D tunneled crystal structure exhibited enhanced cycle performance compared with Ag2V4O11 nanobelts with 2D layered crystal structure. This improvement is attributed to the crystallographic “pillar effect” which can prevent the structural collapse and crystallinity loss during lithium insertion and extraction. Therefore, our investigation could be helpful for the future design of new materials with optimum crystal structure and beneficial matrix elements to realize the suppression of structural destruction and, as a result, the improvement of cyclic stability for aqueous lithium ion batteries.

Pillar effect on cyclability enhancement for aqueous lithium ion batteries: a new material of β-vanadium bronze M0.33V2O5 (M = Ag, Na) nanowires

Ligand compositions for use in preparing discrete coated nanostructures are provided, as well as the coated nanostructures themselves and devices incorporating same. Methods for post-deposition shell formation on a nanostructure, for reversibly modifying nanostructures, and for manipulating the electronic properties of nanostructures are also provided. The ligands and coated nanostructures of the present invention are particularly useful for close packed nanostructure compositions, which can have improved quantum confinement and/or reduced cross-talk between nanostructures. Ligands of the present invention are also useful for manipulating the electronic properties of nanostructure compositions (e.g., by modulating energy levels, creating internal bias fields, reducing charge transfer or leakage, etc.).

Compositions and methods for modulation of nanostructure energy levels

We investigate the temperature-dependent optical conductivity of α'-NaV2O5 in the energy range 4 meV–4 eV. The intensities and the polarization dependence of the detected electronic excitations give a direct indication for a broken-parity electronic ground state and for a noncentrosymmetric crystal structure of the system in the high-temperature phase. A direct two-magnon optical absorption process, proposed here, is in quantitative agreement with the optical data. By analyzing the optically allowed phonons at various temperatures above and below the phase transition, we conclude that a second-order change to a larger unit cell takes place below 34 K.

Direct Two-Magnon Optical Absorption in α'-NaV2O5 : “Charged” Magnons

Single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on one-dimensional mixed valence vanadium bronze $\beta$-SrV$_6$O$_{15}$ in which a metal-insulator transition exists at 170 K. Above 170 K the P2$_1$/a structure with zigzag order of Sr in the tunnels of vanadium is confirmed. In the structure below 170 K, the P2$_1$/a space group is retained with a b-axis threefold increase and a charge order appears. A Bond Valence Sum analysis shows that the charge order may consist in clusters of V$^{4+}$ regularly spaced along 1D direction.

Crystal structure and charge order below the metal-insulator transition in the vanadium bronze $\beta$-SrV$_6$O$_{15}$

Single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on one-dimensional mixed valence vanadium bronze β-SrV6O15 in which a metal–insulator transition exists at 170 K. Above 170 K the P21/a structure with zigzag order of Sr in the tunnels of vanadium is confirmed. In the structure below 170 K, the P21/a space group is retained with a b-axis threefold increase and a charge order appears. A bond valence sum analysis shows that the charge order may consist in clusters of V4+ regularly spaced along 1D direction.

Crystal Structure and Charge Order Below the Metal—Insulator Transition in the Vanadium Bronze β‐SrV6O15.

In order to investigate phonon dynamics, infrared polarized reflectivity was measured along the $b$ axis and on the low symmetry $ac$ face of a monoclinic $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.17}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ single crystal. Whereas 11 ${A}_{u}$ modes are expected along the $b$ axis, only four broad and asymmetric modes are observed. Such a discrepancy with factor group analysis presumably results from the coupling of the phonons with an electronic background. Thus, both reflectivity and optical conductivity, obtained from Kramers-Kronig analysis, were fitted with Fano line shapes. In the $ac$ face, almost all the 22 ${B}_{u}$ modes predicted by the factor group analysis are observed. Reflectivity spectra are analyzed by using a tensor dispersion formula. To extract phonon parameters, including dipole moments, not predicted by group theory, the model requires us to measure the reflectivity for at least three polarizations. The assignement of high frequency phonon modes is made by comparing bond length and mode frequencies with $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\mathrm{Na}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ and by using the dipole moment directions. Phonon modes assigned to V-O-V rungs stretching show unusually large dampings. We interpret these anomalous dampings as due to charge delocalization within V-O-V rungs. The mean Born effective charge tensors obtained from the model show a clear anisotropy in the $ac$ plane.

Polarized reflectivity of β − Sr 0.17 V 2 O 5

Polarized reflectivity of beta-Sr0.17V2O5

Polarized infrared reflectivity was measured as a function of temperature on a quasi-one dimensional β-Sr017V2O5 single crystal Along the conduction direction, the optical conductivity exhibits a weak electronic background in the far infrared and a large mid infrared band Sum rule analysis shows that both far infrared and midinfrared bands arise from 3d vanadium electrons As temperature is decreased, the mid infrared band slightly narrows and redshifts, but does not exhibit drastic change In contrast, the spectral weight grows at low frequencies and peaks appear in the phonon energy range In the transverse direction, β-Sr017V2O5 shows an insulator-like behaviour at all temperatures The optical response is compared with the iso-electronic and iso-structural compound β-Na033V2O5 Although spectra are very similar in both compounds at room temperature, their temperature dependence differs However, some general trends indicate that charge carriers are of the same nature in both compounds The results suggest that electron- phonon coupling is relevant to explain the optical properties of β-Sr017V2O5 The optical response along the conducting direction is assigned to an adiabatic small polaron absorption, in intermediate or strong electron-phonon coupling regime In this framework, the optical conductivity is in qualitative agreement with recent Dynamical Mean Field Theory results over a wide temperature range

Charge dynamics in quasi-one dimensional β-Sr1/6V2O5

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