Very intense neutrino beams and large neutrino detectors will be needed to enable the discovery of CP violation in the leptonic sector. The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, is a research center that will provide, by 2023, the world's most powerful neutron source. The average power will be 5 MW. Pulsing this linac at higher frequency, at the same instantaneous power, will make it possible to raise the average beam power to 10 MW to produce, in parallel with the spallation neutron production, a high performance neutrino Super Beam of about 0.4 GeV mean neutrino energy. The ESS neutrino Super Beam, ESSnuSB, operated with a 2.0 GeV linac proton beam, together with a large underground Water Cherenkov detector located at 540 km from Lund, close to the second oscillation maximum, will make it possible to discover leptonic CP violation at 5 sigma significance level in 56 percent (65 percent for an upgrade to 2.5 GeV beam energy) of the leptonic Dirac CP-violating phase range after 10 years of data taking. The paper gives an overview of the proposed facility and presents the outstanding physics reach possible for CP violation with ESSnuSB.

The opportunity offered by the ESSnuSB project to exploit the larger leptonic CP violation signal at the second oscillation maximum and the requirements of this project on the ESS accelerator complex

Higher order modes (HOMs) may affect beam stability and refrigeration requirements of superconducting proton linacs such as the Superconducting Proton Linac, which is studied at CERN. Under certain conditions beam-induced HOMs can accumulate sufficient energy to destabilize the beam or quench the superconducting cavities. In order to limit these effects, CERN considers the use of coaxial HOM couplers on the cutoff tubes of the 5-cell superconducting cavities. These couplers consist of resonant antennas shaped as loops or probes, which are designed to couple to potentially dangerous modes while sufficiently rejecting the fundamental mode. In this paper, the design process is presented and a comparison is made between various designs for the high-beta SPL cavities, which operate at 704.4 MHz. The rf and thermal behavior as well as mechanical aspects are discussed. In order to verify the designs, a rapid prototype for the favored coupler was fabricated and characterized on a low-power test-stand.

/pdf/comparison-of-coaxial-higher-order-mode-couplers-for-the-1genp03z5l.pdf

Comparison of coaxial higher order mode couplers for the CERN Superconducting Proton Linac study

The design of a compact crab cavity using Nb/Cu technology is presented. The cavity shape is based on a ridged waveguide resonator with wide-open apertures to provide access to the inner surface of the cavity and facilitate coating. It also provides natural damping for higher-order modes (HOMs) and comparatively low longitudinal and transverse impedances. A first prototype is being fabricated, originally within the HL-LHC framework and now for the Future Circular Collider study. The optimized shape is characterized and compared with respect to peak surface field balance, multipolar momentum components, and longitudinal and transverse impedances. Further investigations include the identification of multipacting barriers, the frequency sensitivity to pressure fluctuations in the helium bath, the radio frequency (rf) design of a fundamental mode coupler, and considerations of HOM damping. Along these topics, several methods have been established serving a wider range of applications, in particular, for the rf loss evaluation, the postprocessing of multipacting simulations, and a detailed error analysis of the pressure sensitivity simulations.

Design studies of a compact superconducting RF crab cavity for future colliders using Nb/Cu technology

The CERN SRF infrastructure was originally set up for Nb on Cu-coated cavities for large electron positron collider (LEP) and later for large hadron collider (LHC). Today, Superconducting RF has become a vital technology not only for LHC but also for high intensity and energy upgrade of isotope separator on line device (HIE-ISOLDE) and the high luminosity (HL)-LHC project. More superconducting cavities will be needed for a potential high energy (HE)-LHC or for any of the future circular collider options, which are currently under study. To meet these demands, CERN has improved its SRF infrastructure over the recent years and has started several R&D lines including improved thin film coating techniques, high-power couplers, cold-test diagnostics, etc. This paper will give an overview of CERN's SRF activities today, and the challenges of future projects.

submitter : Superconducting RF at CERN: Operation, Projects, and R

Over the last two decades, significant efforts were made through several international studies to identify and develop technical solutions for potential Neutrino Factories and Superbeam Facilities. With many questions now settled, as well as clearer R&D needs, various proposals are being made for future facilities in China, Europe, Japan and North America. These include both developing and adapting existing machines as well as green-field solutions. In this paper, we review the major accelerator programmes aimed at delivering high-power proton beams for neutrino physics.

Future High Power Proton Drivers for Neutrino Beams

The potential for a superconducting proton linac (SPL) at CERN started to be seriously considered at the end of the 1990s In the first conceptual design report (CDR), published in 2000 [1], most of the 352 MHz RF equipment from LEP was re-used in an 800 m long linac, and the proton beam energy was limited to 22 GeV During the following years, the design was revisited and optimized to better match the needs of a high-power proton driver for neutrino physics The result was a more compact (470 m long) accelerator capable of delivering 5 MW of beam power at 35 GeV, using state-of-the-art superconducting RF cavities at 704 MHz It was described in a second CDR, published in 2006 [2] Soon afterwards, when preparation for increasing the luminosity of the LHC by an order of magnitude beyond nominal became an important concern, a low-power SPL (LP-SPL) was studied as a key component in the renovation of the LHC injector complex The combination of a 4 GeV LP-SPL injecting into a new 50 GeV synchrotron (PS2) was proposed to replace the ageing Linac2, PSB, and PS In a later stage, if necessary for future physics programmes (neutrino production or generation of radioactive ion beams), the linac could be brought up to multimegawatt beam power by upgrading the cooling, the electrical infrastructure, and the power supplies The construction of the low-energy front end of the LP-SPL started in 2008 as the Linac4 project [3], aimed at the replacement of Linac2, with the potential for being adapted later to the needs of a low-power or high-power SPL (HP-SPL) In parallel, the R&D on the superconducting linac continued, initially to refine the design of the LP-SPL and afterwards that of the HP-SPL This report presents the design of the LP-SPL and the work accomplished in preparing a proposal for new LHC injectors with the support of the European Commission under the Framework Programmes 6 and 7 and in collaboration with multiple laboratories and institutions worldwide The status of the R&D towards an HP-SPL is summarized

Conceptual Design of the Low-Power and High-Power SPL : A Superconducting H$^-$ Linac at CERN

As part of the upgrade of the LHC injector complex at CERN, the construction of a 4 GeV Superconducting Proton Linac (the SPL, in fact an H accelerator) is planned to begin in 2012. Depending upon physics requests, it should be upgradeable to 5 GeV and multiMW beam power at a later stage. The construction of Linac4, its low energy front end, has started at the beginning of 2008. A full project proposal with a cost estimate for the low power version of the SPL aimed at improving LHC performance has to be ready for mid2011. As a first step towards that goal, essential machine parameters like RF frequency, cooling temperature and accelerating gradient have recently been revisited and plans have been drawn for designing and testing critical components.

/pdf/plans-for-a-superconducting-h-linac-spl-at-cern-1c9vxfoqdz.pdf

Plans for a Superconducting H- Linac (SPL) at CERN

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Conceptual Design of the Low-Power and High-Power SPL : A Superconducting H$^-$ Linac at CERN

Plans for a Superconducting H- Linac (SPL) at CERN