In the study of visual function an understanding of the visual pathways is essential. Once this is achieved then quantitative measurements can be made in order to assess the quality of vision. However, this development can at times be problematic and may lead to visual disorders. Some of these visual disorders are directly related to the development but others may not. We are concerned with mainly one of these visual disorders, infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS). Common ways INS is assessed is through visual evoked potentials (VEP), or electroretinigrams (ERG). The current work is a comprehensive multidisciplinary attempt to develop new tools and methods for assessing these visual functions in order to both complement as well as introduce new clinical tools that will help in finding efficient treatments by identifying the activation patterns in the brain. This is divided into three stages: functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of oculomotor movements, development of a near infrared spectroscopy system (NIRS) for visual cortex monitoring, and finally an MRI post processing scheme to enhance the cortical imaging. These three stages are an attempt to develop tools in order to aid in visual function studies.

Development of functional studies and methods to better understand visual function

Studying brain functional activities is an area that is experiencing rapid interest in the field of neuroimaging. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has provided vision science researchers a powerful and noninvasive tool to understand eye function and correlate it with brain activities. In this chapter, we focus on the physiological aspects followed by a literature review. More specifically, to motivate and appreciate the complexity of the visual system, we will begin with a description of specific stages the visual pathway, beginning from the distal stimulus and ending in the visual cortex. More importantly, the development of ascending visual pathway will be discussed in order to help in understanding various disorders associated with it such as monochromacy, albinism, amblyopia (refractive, strabismic). In doing so we will divide the first half into two main sections, the visual pathway and the development of the ascending pathway. The first of these sections will be mostly an anatomy review and the latter will discuss the development of this anatomy with specific examples of disorders as a result of abnormal development. We will then discuss fMRI studies with focus on vision science applications. The remaining sections of this chapter will be highlighting the work done on mainly oculomotor function, some perception and visual dysfunction with fMRI and investigate the differences and similarities in their findings. We will then conclude with a discussion on how this relates to neurologists, neuroscientists, ophthalmologists and other specialists.

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Current Trends of fMRI in Vision Science: A Review

Age Effect on FMRI Using Grating Visual Stimuli

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Age Effect on FMRI Using Grating Visual Stimuli