A sequence of single photons is emitted on demand from a single three-level atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity. The photons are generated by an adiabatically driven stimulated Raman transition between two atomic ground states, with the vacuum field of the cavity stimulating one branch of the transition, and laser pulses deterministically driving the other branch. This process is unitary and therefore intrinsically reversible, which is essential for quantum communication and networking, and the photons should be appropriate for all-optical quantum information processing.

Reply on H. J. Kimble's comment on "Deterministic single-photon source for distributed quantum networking"

Preface 1. Planck's radiation law and the Einstein coefficients 2. Quantum mechanics of the atom-radiation interaction 3. Classical theory of optical fluctuations and coherence 4. Quantization of the radiation field 5. Single-mode quantum optics 6. Multimode and continuous-mode quantum optics 7. Optical generation, attenuation and amplification 8. Resonance fluorescence and light scattering 9. Nonlinear quantum optics Index

The quantum theory of light.

Neutrino–nuclear responses for astro-neutrinos, single beta decays and double beta decays

Photoresponse of a superconducting film in the resistive state to pulsed radiation has been studied in the framework of a model assuming that two different effective temperatures can be assigned to the quasiparticle and phonon nonequilibrium distributions. The coupled electron-phonon-substrate system is described by a system of time-dependent energy-balance differential equations for effective temperatures. An analytical solution of the system is given and calculated voltage transients are compared with experimental photoresponse signals taking into account the radiation pulse shape and the time resolution of the readout electronics. It is supposed that a resistive state (vortices, fluxons, network of intergrain junctions, hot spots, phase slip centers) provides an ultrafast connection between electron temperature changes and changes of the film resistance and thus plays a minor role in the temporal evolution of the response. In accordance with experimental observations a two-component response was revealed from simulations. The slower component corresponds to a bolometric mechanism while the fast component is connected with the relaxation of the electron temperature. Calculated photoresponse transients are presented for different ratios of the electron and phonon specific heat, radiation pulse durations and fluences, and frequency band passes of registration electronics. From the amplitude of the bolometric component we determine the radiation energy absorbed in a film. This enables us to reveal an intrinsic electron-phonon scattering time even if it is much shorter than the time resolution of readout electronics. We analyze experimental voltage transients for NbN, ${\\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, and ${\\mathrm{TlBa}}_{2}$${\\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ superconducting films and find the electron-phonon interaction times at the transition temperatures of 17, 2.5, and 1.8 ps, respectively. The values are in reasonable agreement with data of other experiments.

Analysis of the nonequilibrium photoresponse of superconducting films to pulsed radiation by use of a two-temperature model

In this review article we discuss the present status of direct nuclear reactions and the nuclear structure aspects one can study with them. We discuss the spectroscopic information we can assess in experiments involving transfer reactions, heavy-ion-induced knockout reactions and quasifree scattering with (p,2p), (p,pn), and (e,e'p) reactions. In particular, we focus on the proton-to-neutron asymmetry of the quenching of the spectroscopic strength.

pdf/quenching-of-single-particle-strength-from-direct-reactions-48bpfr04nd.pdf

Quenching of single-particle strength from direct reactions with stable and rare-isotope beams

Single-photon sources and detectors underpin the development of quantum photonic technologies. This thesis presents research into single-photon devices with a focus on telecom wavelengths. A two-channel superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) system was constructed and characterised. It provides free-running single-photon detection at telecom wavelengths with low dark counts and timing jitter below 90 ps FWHM. The system detection efficiency at 1310 nm is 1 % with a 1 kHz dark count rate, which was competitive when the SNSPD was built in 2009. In this work, the low timing jitter of the SNSPD was beneficial to the development of a two-photon interference experiment. Experiments were carried out with single-photon sources based on self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots in micropillar cavities. Preliminary measurements of the second-order correlation function gave g(τ = 0) = 0.12 ± 0.04 with above-band excitation and g(τ = 0) = 0.07 ± 0.05 with near-resonant excitation. These values agree with recent papers reporting improved measurements with near-resonant excitation. Irreparable damage to the sample prevented further investigation. This thesis also presents the design, construction and characterisation of a highresolution single-photon spectrometer for telecom wavelengths. The instrument, a scanning Fabry-Pérot interferometer, was optimised for the characterisation of quantum photonic sources. It has a spectral resolution of ∼ 550 MHz and a free spectral range of (119.0 ± 0.4) GHz.

Single-photon metrology with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

Single-photon sources and detectors are key enabling technologies for photonics in quantum information science and
technology (QIST). QIST applications place high-level demands on the performance of sources and detectors; it is
therefore essential that their properties can be characterized accurately. Superconducting nanowire single-photon
detectors (SNSPDs) have spectral sensitivity from visible to beyond 2 μm in wavelength, picosecond timing resolution
(Jitter <100 ps FWHM) and the capacity to operate ungated with low dark counts (<1 kHz). This facilitates data
acquisition at high rates with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio.
We report on the construction and characterization of a two-channel SNSPD system. The detectors are mounted in a
closed-cycle refrigerator, which eliminates reliance on liquid cryogens. Our specification was to deliver a system with
1% efficiency in both channels at a wavelength of 1310 nm with 1 kHz dark count rate. A full width at half maximum
timing jitter of less than 90 ps is achieved in both channels. The system will be used to detect individual photons
generated by quantum-optical sources at telecom wavelengths. Examples include single-photon sources based on
quantum dots (emitting at 1310 nm). The SNSPD system's spectral sensitivity and timing resolution make it suited to
characterization of such sources, and to wider QIST applications.

/pdf/a-superconducting-nanowire-single-photon-detector-system-for-1r7rc6i21i.pdf

A superconducting nanowire single-photon detector system for single-photon source characterization

The possibility of observing neutrinoless double β decay offers the opportunity of determining the effective neutrino mass if the nuclear matrix element were known. Theoretical calculations are uncertain, and measurements of the occupations of valence orbits by nucleons active in the decay can be important. The occupation of valence neutron orbits in the ground states of 76 Ge (a candidate for such decay) and 76 Se (the daughter nucleus) were determined by precisely measuring cross sections for both neutron-adding and removing transfer reactions. Our results indicate that the Fermi surface is much more diffuse than in theoretical calculations. We find that the populations of at least three orbits change significantly between these two ground states while in the calculations, the changes are confined primarily to one orbit.

Nuclear Structure Relevant to Neutrinoless Double β Decay : 76Ge and 76Se

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Single-photon metrology with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

A superconducting nanowire single-photon detector system for single-photon source characterization

Nuclear Structure Relevant to Neutrinoless Double β Decay : 76Ge and 76Se