We demonstrate the third harmonic generation of a 1542-nm laser using a dual-pitch periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide with a conversion efficiency of 66%/W2. The generated 514-nm light is used for saturation spectroscopy of molecular iodine and laser frequency stabilization. The achieved laser frequency stability is 1.1×10-12 at an average time of 1 s, which is approximately one order of magnitude better than the acetylene-stabilized laser at 1542 nm. Uncertainty evaluation and absolute frequency measurement are also performed. The developed frequency-stabilized laser can be used as a reliable frequency reference at the telecom wavelength for various applications including optical frequency combs and precision interferometric measurement.

Iodine-stabilized laser at telecom wavelength using dual-pitch periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide.

The theories beyond the Standard Model and General Relativity allow space-time variability of fundamental constants [1]. Such variability imply a dependence of the frequencies of atomic and molecular transitions that may be constrained in laboratory by repetitive frequency ratios measurements of two clocks. The strategy for improving the constraint is to increase the accuracy of the clock transitions, to exploit transitions highly sensitive to a variation of fundamental constants, and to perform measurements during a long period of time. The molecular spectra are primarily sensitive to proton-electron mass ratio (μ) variations. The absolute frequency measurements of a rovibrational transition of SF 6 constrained μ-variation at 5.6×10−14 yr−1 [2]. This contribution discusses progress towards laboratory measurements of electronic transitions of the molecular iodine in the optical domain to constrain a time-variation of fundamental constants.

Optical Transitions of the Molecular Iodine for Probing Variations of Fundamental Constants

Sub-Doppler spectroscopy in alkali-metal vapor cells using two counterpropagating dual-frequency laser beams allows the detection of high-contrast sign-reversed natural-linewidth sub-Doppler resonances. Previously, a qualitative theory based on a simplified \ensuremath{\Lambda}-scheme model has been reported to explain underlying physics of this phenomenon. In this paper, an extended theoretical model of dual-frequency sub-Doppler spectroscopy (DFSDS) for the Cs ${D}_{1}$ line is reported. Taking into account the real atomic energy structure, main relaxation processes, and various nonlinear effects, this model describes quantitatively the respective contributions of involved physical processes and predicts main properties (height and linewidth) of the sub-Doppler resonances. Experimental tests are performed with a Cs vapor microfabricated cell and results are found to be in correct agreement with theoretical predictions. Spatial oscillations of the sub-Doppler resonance amplitude with translation of the reflection mirror are highlighted. A beat note between two laser systems, including one stabilized with DFSDS on a Cs vapor microcell, yields a fractional frequency stability of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ until 10-s averaging time. These results demonstrate that DFSDS could be an interesting approach for the development of a high-performance microcell-based optical frequency reference, with applications in various compact quantum devices.

Dual-frequency sub-Doppler spectroscopy: Extended theoretical model and microcell-based experiments

We report on a Telecom laser diode (LD) frequency stabilization to a narrow iodine hyperfine line in the green
range, after frequency tripling process using fibered nonlinear waveguide PPLN crystals. We have generated up
to 300 mW optical power in the green range (~514 nm) from 800 mW of infrared power (~1542 nm),
corresponding to a nonlinear conversion efficiency h = P3?/P? ~ 36%. Less than 10 mW of the generated green
power are used for Doppler-free spectroscopy of 127I2 molecular iodine, and –therefore- for the frequency
stabilization purpose. The frequency tripling optical setup is very compact (< 5 l), fully fibered, and could operate
over the full C-band of the Telecom range (1530 nm – 1565 nm). Several thousands of hyperfine iodine lines may
thus be interrogated in the 510 nm – 521 nm range. We build up an optical bench used at first in free space
configuration, using the well-known modulation transfer spectroscopy technique (MTS), in order to test the
potential of this new frequency standard based on the couple “1.5 ?m laser / iodine molecule”. We have already
demonstrated a preliminary frequency stability of 4.8 x 10-14 ? -1/2 with a minimum value of 6 x 10-15 reached
after 50 s of integration time, conferred to a laser diode operating at 1542.1 nm.
We focus now our efforts to expand the frequency stability to a longer integration time in order to meet
requirements of many space experiments, such earth gravity missions, inters satellites links or space to ground
communications.
Furthermore, we investigate the potential of a new approach based on frequency modulation technique (FM),
associated to a 3rd harmonic detection of iodine lines to increase the compactness of the optical setup.

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/10562/1056253/A-compact-frequency-stabilized-telecom-laser-diode-for-space-applications/10.1117/12.2296121.pdf

A compact frequency stabilized telecom laser diode for space applications

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A compact frequency stabilized telecom laser diode for space applications