jPOR: An ImageJ macro to quantify total optical porosity from blue-stained thin sections

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the sedimentary characteristics of non-marine environments. Non-marine evaporite deposits are common features of modern arid closed basins, but relatively few have been recognized in the geologic record. These evaporites are important because their depositional setting reflects both climatic and tectonic conditions and they may contain economically important mineral resources. Most modern non-marine evaporites and almost all ancient non-marine evaporates occur in saline lake deposits or their associated facies. The term saline lake includes perennial lake, ephemeral lake, playa-lake, playa, salina, salar, chott, salt pan, inland sabkha, and any other terms used to refer to areas that, at least intermittently, hold standing bodies of water. The general distribution of modern non-marine evaporites is shown in a diagram and references are presented in a table in the chapter. The distinction between marine and non-marine evaporites is not trivial and many ancient evaporites that are literally assumed to be marine may be, at least in part, non-marine in origin Furthermore, some of the deposits interpreted as non-marine may actually be marine (for instance, the evaporites of the Precambrian McArthur Basin, Australia).

Chapter 3 Depositional Environments of Non-Marine Evaporites

https://users.ugent.be/~ssleutel/Sleutelpdf/Baveye_et_al_2010.pdf

Observer-dependent variability of the thresholding step in the quantitative analysis of soil images and X-ray microtomography data

© Richard I. Macphail and Paul Goldberg 2018. Applied Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology provides the most up-to-date information on soil science and its applications in archaeology. Based on more than three decades of investigations and experiments, the volume demonstrates how description protocols and complementary methods (SEM/EDS, microprobe, micro-FTIR, bulk soil chemistry, micro-, and macrofossils) are used in interpretations. It also focuses on key topics, such as palaeosols, cultivation, and occupation surfaces, and introduces a range of current issues, such as site inundation, climate change, settlement morphology, herding, trackways, industrial processes, funerary features, and site transformation. Structured around important case studies, Applied Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology is thoroughly illustrated, with color plates and additional fi gures available at www.cambridge.org/9781107648685. Chapter appendices can be accessed separately by visiting www.geoarchaeology.info/asma. Th is book will serve as an essential volume for all archaeological inquiry about soil.

Applied Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology

Reddened, clay-rich horizons between basalt flows have historically been identified as ‘‘baked zones’’ or as zones of lateral groundwater movement. The reddening has been attributed to thermal or chemical alteration of the permeable portion of the basalt flow. Many of these red horizons are instead paleosols that record significant hiatuses in basalt flow emplacement. Paleosols were identified in the field on the basis of features such as horizonation, ped morphology, and root traces. Terrestrial gastropods, fossil plants, and peats also occur locally. Plots of weathering indices, such as base loss, are consistent with a pedogenic origin for these horizons. Ca, Na, Mg, Fe 21 , and P have been extensively lost from the A and Bt horizons of the paleosols, consistent with modern weathering patterns. K and Rb have been added to the upper portions of the profiles and lost in the lower portions of the profiles relative to the parent material, with Rb added disproportionately. Historically, this pattern of enrichment has been cited as evidence of K metasomatism. The apparent metasomatism can be explained using a new model in which there was extensive felsic volcanism contemporaneous with pedogenesis, and K and Rb were likely added by windborne ash. The apparent discordance between K and Rb contents of the paleosols can be explained by the presence of land plants because K is an important electrolyte and Rb does not serve any major biological role. This model could account for apparent K metasomatism in other paleosols following the advent of land plants and may be applicable to older paleosols as well.

Pedogenesis and geochemical alteration of the Picture Gorge subgroup, Columbia River basalt, Oregon

Evolution of a paleo-argillic brown earth (paleudalf) from oxfordshire, England

Point counting pores and illuvial clay in thin section

Faster methods of liquid-phase acetone replacement of water from soils and sediments prior to resin impregnation

Description of soil thin sections: An international comparison

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Evolution of a paleo-argillic brown earth (paleudalf) from oxfordshire, England

Point counting pores and illuvial clay in thin section

Faster methods of liquid-phase acetone replacement of water from soils and sediments prior to resin impregnation

Description of soil thin sections: An international comparison