Recent advances in shape–memory polymers: Structure, mechanism, functionality, modeling and applications

Current academic and industrial research sustains large efforts to synthesize and develop environmentally responsive smart materials. The temperature-responsive materials with a trigger temperature in the physiological range attract much attention due to their potential biomedical applications. We describe their chemistry and the way to synthesize them, focusing on applications for smart clothing fabrication. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

Temperature-responsive polymers with LCST in the physiological range and their applications in textiles

Remembering more than one permanent shape is an attractive research topic for shape memory materials (SMMs). In this paper, multiple crystalline shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) are prepared with PCL10000 and PTMG2900 by a three-step polymerization method. DSC and WAXD results show that the obtained polyurethane contains, simultaneously and independently, two kinds of crystals. In addition, it is confirmed through DMA analysis that reversible soft phase and hard domains are formed in the PCL-PTMG based SMPU system; and two-step modulus decreases at low temperature range can be obtained in the SMPU with suitable mass proportion of PCL to PTMG, e.g., 1:7. Thus, shape memory effect (SME) can be achieved in this system. Moreover, it is found that the PTMG soft segment dominates the shape memory effect when the PCL mass is lower than that of PTMG; while the PCL soft segment dominates the SME when PCL mass is higher than that of PTMG; and a two-step programing shape recovery can be achieved when the mass proportion of PCL/PTMG reaches a balance value, e.g., 3:5. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Triple shape memory effect in multiple crystalline polyurethanes

Electrospun polyurethane nanofibres having shape memory effect

Searching new shape memory polymer and the associating synthesis technology are critical on the development of smart materials. In this paper, a comprehensive study on Poly(hexylene adipate) PHA being the soft segment of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) was presented. Bulk polymerization method was employed to synthesize the SMPU with different soft segment length (SSL) and hard segment content (HSC). The influences of SSL and HSC on its morphology and thermomechanical property using DSC, DMA, POM, and shape memory behavior were presented here. The results indicate that the thermal properties, dynamic mechanic properties, and crystal morphology of SMPU are influenced significantly by SSL and HSC. And it is found that the shape fixity increases with SSL but decreases with HSC. On the other hand, the shape recovery decreases with both SSL and HSC, and the associated recovery temperature increases either with the increasing SSL or with decreasing HSC. Lastly, it is concluded that in the PHA-based-SMPU, the lower limiting value of SSL for polyurethane having shape memory effect is 2000; their response temperature varied with SSL and HSC, changing from 41.0 to 51.9 °C. Stable hard segment crystal are formed at above 30% HSC sample in bulk polymerization, but shape memory behavior can also be observed when its physical crosslink point are formed in the lower HSC PHA-based-SMPU.

Effect of SSL and HSC on morphology and properties of PHA Based SMPU synthesized by bulk polymerization method

A series of segmented polyurethane (PU) were prepared using five different polyols and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as mixing soft segment, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, hydrophilic segment poly (ethylene glycol) 200 (PEG 200) and chain extender 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO) as triblock hard segment. The micro-structure of the PUs was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray, and polarizing microscopy. Tensile property was measured, and the water vapor transport property of the PU membranes as a function of temperature was tested accordingly. It was found that the PUs with crystalline soft segments were temperature-sensitive; that is, crystal melting of soft segment results in the significant increase in water vapor permeability of the PU membranes. Proper molecule design can set switch temperature ranges in water vapor permeability of the membranes from 10 to 40°C including body temperature. Such properties can contribute to the development of smart textiles.

Preparation of Temperature-Sensitive Polyurethanes for Smart Textiles

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Preparation of Temperature-Sensitive Polyurethanes for Smart Textiles