Since its discovery, the asymmetric Fano resonance has been a characteristic feature of interacting quantum systems. The shape of this resonance is distinctively different from that of conventional symmetric resonance curves. Recently, the Fano resonance has been found in plasmonic nanoparticles, photonic crystals, and electromagnetic metamaterials. The steep dispersion of the Fano resonance profile promises applications in sensors, lasing, switching, and nonlinear and slow-light devices.

The Fano resonance in plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

/pdf/science-and-technology-roadmap-for-graphene-related-two-4q9m7czlkc.pdf

Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

When metal nanoparticles are arranged in an ordered array, they may scatter light to produce diffracted waves. If one of the diffracted waves then propagates in the plane of the array, it may couple the localized plasmon resonances associated with individual nanoparticles together, leading to an exciting phenomenon, the drastic narrowing of plasmon resonances, down to 1–2 nm in spectral width. This presents a dramatic improvement compared to a typical single particle resonance line width of >80 nm. The very high quality factors of these diffractively coupled plasmon resonances, often referred to as plasmonic surface lattice resonances, and related effects have made this topic a very active and exciting field for fundamental research, and increasingly, these resonances have been investigated for their potential in the development of practical devices for communications, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, data storage, biosensing, and other applications. In the present review article, we describe the basic phy...

Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances: A Review of Properties and Applications

Metamaterials enable the tailoring of properties like dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability. Electromagnetic excitations of metamaterial constituents and their interactions are reviewed, as well as promising future directions. Despite the extraordinary degree of interest in optical metamaterials in recent years, the hoped-for devices and applications have, in large part, yet to emerge. It is becoming clear that the first generation of metamaterial-based devices will most probably arise from their two-dimensional equivalents — metasurfaces. In this Review, we describe recent progress in the area of metasurfaces formed from plasmonic meta-atoms. In particular, we approach the subject from the perspective of the fundamental excitations supported by the meta-atoms and the interactions between them. We also identify some areas ripe for future research and indicate likely avenues for future device development.

/pdf/plasmonic-meta-atoms-and-metasurfaces-1jqu72kpik.pdf

Plasmonic meta-atoms and metasurfaces

From the wide spectrum of potential applications of graphene, ranging from transistors and chemical sensors to nanoelectromechanical devices and composites, the field of photonics and optoelectronics is believed to be one of the most promising. Indeed, graphene's suitability for high-speed photodetection was demonstrated in an optical communication link operating at 10 Gbit s(-1). However, the low responsivity of graphene-based photodetectors compared with traditional III-V-based ones is a potential drawback. Here we show that, by combining graphene with plasmonic nanostructures, the efficiency of graphene-based photodetectors can be increased by up to 20 times, because of efficient field concentration in the area of a p-n junction. Additionally, wavelength and polarization selectivity can be achieved by employing nanostructures of different geometries.

/pdf/strong-plasmonic-enhancement-of-photovoltage-in-graphene-vi2v0j0hb9.pdf

Strong plasmonic enhancement of photovoltage in graphene

We compare the optical response of periodic nondiffracting metallic nanoparticle and nanohole arrays. Experimental data from both structures show a pronounced minimum in their wavelength-dependent transmittance that, through numerical modeling, we identify as being due to the excitation of localized surface-plasmon resonances associated with the nanoparticles/nanoholes. Our main finding is that, while the optical response of the nanoparticle arrays is largely independent of interparticle separation, the response from nanohole arrays shows a marked dependence on interhole separation. We attribute this effect to coupling between localized surface-plasmon resonances mediated by the symmetric surface plasmon-polaritons associated with the metal film. Further numerical modeling supports this view.

/pdf/localized-surface-plasmon-resonances-in-periodic-1bfvykccia.pdf

Localized surface-plasmon resonances in periodic nondiffracting metallic nanoparticle and nanohole arrays

We present results from composite plasmonic nanostructures designed to achieve the cascaded enhancement of electromagnetic fields at optical frequencies. Our structures comprise a small metallic nanodisc suspended above a larger disk. We probe the optical properties of these structures by coating them with a layer of a visible-light fluorophore and observing fluorescence signals with the help of scanning confocal microscopy. A 43 ± 5-fold increase in the far-field fluorescence signal has been observed for two-tier composite nanostructures, when compared to the signal obtained from individual nanodiscs. Our results offer the prospect of using such nanostructures for field concentration, optical manipulation of nanoobjects, chemical and biological sensing.

http://www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk/pdf/mesoscopic/publications/graphene/Nano.Lett%202010.%20composite%20Au%20nanostructures.pdf

Composite au nanostructures for fluorescence studies in visible light.

This Letter was published online on 9 December 2010 with a production error on page 4. On page 4, left-hand column, the eighth line in the third paragraph should read as ‘‘intensities (10 W, spot size 500 nm). . .’’. The Letter has been corrected as of 14 December 2010. The text is correct in the printed version of the journal. PRL 105, 269906 (2010) P HY S I CA L R EV I EW LE T T E R S week ending 31 DECEMBER 2010

Publisher's Note: Cascaded Optical Field Enhancement in Composite Plasmonic Nanostructures

Publisher’s Note: Cascaded Optical Field Enhancement in Composite Plasmonic Nanostructures [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 , 246806 (2010)]

Here we investigate the interaction of metallic nanoparticles which support localized surface plasmon resonances
(LSPR). We use dark-field spectroscopy and normal-incidence transmission spectroscopy to investigate the scattering
and extinction of metallic nanoparticles on their own and in both ordered and random arrays. We compare experimental
results with theory based on the coupled dipole approximation (CDA) and the finite-element method (FEM). CDA is
used to demonstrate the ability to indirectly measure the extinction of an individual particle by considering a sparse,
disordered, finite array of particles.

Extinction and scattering of metallic nanoparticles in ordered and random arrays

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