Preface 1. Cosmic rays 2. Particle physics 3. Cascade equations 4. Hadrons and photons 5. Accelerator data 6. Muons 7. Neutrinos 8. Neutrino-induced muons 9. Propagation 10. Gamma rays and antiprotons 11. Acceleration 12. Acceleration to >100 TeV 13. Astrophysical beam dumps 14. Air showers 15. Electromagnetic cascades 16. Cosmic ray showers 17. Simulation techniques References Index.

Cosmic rays and particle physics.

A large emulsion stack, exposed at high altitude, has been used to study the decaymodes of K-particles which produce a single charged secondary. The 5 decay modes, K
 μ
 , χ, ϰ and τ′ have been recognized from the nature and energy of the charged secondary. The masses of the parent particles of the two-body decay modes, K
 μ
 and χ found from the mean range of the charged secondary are (976±7) me and (969±3) me respectively. Independent values derived from measurements of the scattering of the secondary track near the decay point are (954±17) me and (972±15) me respectively. The reliability of these mass values is discussed. An examination of the relative frequency of the decay modes in these experimental conditions indicates that the K
 μ
 -and χ-modes constitute respectively about 67 % and 20 % of all the K-particle decays: the Kβ, ϰ- and τ′-modes being present to about 9 %, 3 %, and 1 % respectively.

On the masses and modes of decay of heavy mesons produced by cosmic radiation

Recent experimental data on the differential vertical intensities of $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons in the atmosphere make it possible not only to improve the original Sands' production spectrum of $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons but also to study its dependence on the geomagnetic latitude. It is shown that, for the residual ranges, ${R}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, between 100 g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and 6000 g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, the production spectrum may be approximated by an empirical formula of the type: $C{(a+{R}^{\ensuremath{'}})}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ where $C$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are numerical constants practically independent of the geomagnetic latitude. The latitude dependence of the production spectrum is thus expressed through the parameter $a$ which displays a monotonic decrease with increasing latitude. With numerical values of $a$, $C$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, compatible with experimental data, the production spectrum of $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons is then used as a basis for the derivation of the differential and integral energy spectra of charged $\ensuremath{\pi}$ mesons. The latitude dependence of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson spectrum is linked to the geomagnetic cut-off of the primary cosmic radiation, which leads to some crude conclusions on the average multiplicity of $\ensuremath{\pi}$ mesons produced in proton collisions with air nuclei. In particular, the dependence of the multiplicity on the primary energies between 2 and 13 Bev is studied in detail and compared with Fermi's statistical theory of $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson production.

Production spectra of cosmic-ray mesons in the atmosphere

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https://escholarship.org/content/qt7b22w0cb/qt7b22w0cb.pdf

Recent Developments in Particle Physics

Si presentano i risultati di una analisi sistematica sulle particelle pesanti instabili effettuata mediante pellicole di emulsione nucleare esposte alla radiazione cosmica durante la Spedizione Internazionale di Sardegna del 1953. Dopo una breve introduzione sui metodi sperimentali usati, vengono esposti dati riguardanti i mesoni pesanti, gli iperoni ed i frammenti instabili. Nelle conclusioni del lavoro sono presentate alcune considerazioni sulle frequenze relative dei vari eventi e sulla attendibilita degli schemi di decadimento proposti.

Particelle pesanti instabili in emulsioni nucleari

In 1951, two events were observed in photographic emulsions which appeared to correspond to the decay at rest of heavy charged mesons of mass ~ 1200 m e , the transmutations each involving the emission of a singly-charged particle (O’Ceallaigh 1951). The events were referred to as K 1 and K 2, respectively, and the decaying particles as K -mesons. Since these observations were made, eighteen similar examples have been found in this laboratory. They are referred to as K 3, K 4 . . . , K 20. The conditions of exposure of the plates in which they were recorded are given in table 2. Preliminary measurements, and conclusions following from them, have been reported at a number of conferences (Menon 1951; Powell 1952; Perkins 1952). This paper contains a detailed account of the measurements and their interpretation.

Observations on the Decay of Heavy Mesons in Photographic Emulsions

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Observations on the Decay of Heavy Mesons in Photographic Emulsions