Magnetic materials research has entered a new and exciting period with the advent of the ternary rare-earth-iron-boron compounds, ${\mathrm{R}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}$B. From the fundamental physics perspective the ${\mathrm{R}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}$B series and its isostructural relatives comprise a rich, fascinating area for the investigation of many intrinsic properties, including magnetic structures, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and rare-earth-transition-metal exchange interactions. Intense interest in the technological aspects of these compounds has been ignited by the fact that energy products eclipsing all previous values have been realized in practical magnets based on ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}$B, the prototypical representative; these magnets also feature economic advantages over the earlier samarium-cobalt materials. Both facets of the ${\mathrm{R}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}$B systems are considered in this review.

R 2 Fe 14 B materials: Intrinsic properties and technological aspects

After the development of Nd–Fe–B magnets, rare-earth magnets are now essential components in many fields of technology, because of their ability to provide a strong magnetic flux. There are two, well-established techniques for the manufacture of rare earth magnets: powder metallurgy is used to obtain high-performance, anisotropic, fully dense magnet bodies; and the melt-spinning or HDDR (hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption and recombination) process is widely used to produce magnet powders for bonded magnets. In the industry of sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets, the total amount of production has increased and their dominant application has been changed to motors. In particular, their use for motors in hybrid cars is one of the most attractive applications. Bonded magnets have also been used for small motors, and the studies of nanocomposite and Sm–Fe–N magnets have become widespread. This paper reviews the current status and future trend in the research of permanent magnets.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/44/6/064001/pdf

Current status and recent topics of rare-earth permanent magnets

A review is given of the formation, the crystal structure and the magnetic properties of several classes of rare earth based intermetallic compounds that lend themselves as starting materials of permanent magnets. These compounds include R2Fe14B, R2Fe14C and R2Co14B and the large class of ternary rare earth compounds having the tetragonal ThMn12 structure. Special emphasis is given to the changes in magnetic properties of R2Fe17 compounds observed after interstitial solution of C or N atoms. The magnetic properties of all these compounds are discussed in terms of current models based on intersublattice and intrasublattice exchange and the interplay between the rare earth sublattice anisotropy and 3D sublattice anisotropy. A substantial portion of the review is devoted to manufacturing routes of permanent magnets and a description of the coercivity mechanisms operative in the magnets. A comparison is made of the performance and economic costs of various types of magnets and novel applications are briefly discussed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/54/9/001/pdf

New developments in hard magnetic materials

This article addresses the most recent developments in the processing of high-performance magnets based on rare earth-transition metal (R-T) compounds. It gives an overview of the relevant classes of R-T compounds together with a description of the appropriate manufacturing route and an assessment of their potential for application. The paper pays particular attention to state-of-the-art maximum energy density and high-temperature magnets as well as to the synthesis of nanostructured materials using non-equilibrium techniques and reversible hydrogen-induced phase transformations. The possibilities of increasing the energy density of the nanocrystalline magnets by remanence enhancement utilizing intergranular exchange coupling, by texturation via hot deformation or by hydrogenation disproportionation desorption and recombination to produce anisotropic powders are discussed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/33/17/201/pdf

Controlling the properties of high energy density permanent magnetic materials by different processing routes

New permanent magnet materials

The hydrogen decrepitation of an Ndi15Fe77B8 magnetic alloy

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The hydrogen decrepitation of an Ndi15Fe77B8 magnetic alloy