Thermodynamical features of multifragmentation in peripheral Au + Au Collisions at 35 A.MeV

Microscopic model approaches to fragmentation of nuclei and phase transitions in nuclear matter

Nuclear fragmentation measurements are necessary when using heavy-ion beams in hadrontherapy to predict the effects of the ion nuclear interactions within the human body. Moreover, they are also fundamental to validate and improve the Monte Carlo codes for their use in planning tumor treatments. Nowadays, a very limited set of carbon fragmentation cross sections are being measured, and in particular, to our knowledge, no double-differential fragmentation cross sections at intermediate energies are available in the literature. In this work, we have measured the double-differential cross sections and the angular distributions of the secondary fragments produced in the (12)C fragmentation at 62 A MeV on a thin carbon target. The experimental data have been used to benchmark the prediction capability of the Geant4 Monte Carlo code at intermediate energies, where it was never tested before. In particular, we have compared the experimental data with the predictions of two Geant4 nuclear reaction models: the Binary Light Ions Cascade and the Quantum Molecular Dynamic. From the comparison, it has been observed that the Binary Light Ions Cascade approximates the angular distributions of the fragment production cross sections better than the Quantum Molecular Dynamic model. However, the discrepancies observed between the experimental data and the Monte Carlo simulations lead to the conclusion that the prediction capability of both models needs to be improved at intermediate energies.

/pdf/carbon-fragmentation-measurements-and-validation-of-the-2gq7ennhja.pdf

Carbon fragmentation measurements and validation of the GEANT4 nuclear reaction models for hadrontherapy

Dynamic evolution and the caloric curve for medium mass nuclei

The symmetry energy of nuclear matter is a fundamental ingredient in the investigation of exotic nuclei, heavy-ion collisions and astrophysical phenomena. A recently developed quantum statistical (QS) approach that takes the formation of clusters into account predicts low density symmetry energies far above the usually quoted mean field limits. A consistent description of the symmetry energy has been developed that joins the correct low-density limit with values calculated from quasi-particle approaches valid near the saturation density. The results are confronted with experimental values for free symmetry energies and internal symmetry energies, determined at sub-saturation densities and temperatures below 10 MeV using data from heavy-ion collisions. There is very good agreement between the experimental symmetry energy values and those calculated in the QS approach

The equation of state and symmetry energy of low density nuclear matter

For the reactions of 30 MeV/nucleon /sup 16/O and /sup 32/S with Ag, singles and coincidence measurements have been made for heavy residues, fragments (3less than or equal tozless than or equal to14), and light charged particles (zless than or equal to2). Mass-velocity correlations for the residues and fragment-residue coincidences indicate that increasing residue velocities do correspond to increasing excitation energy. Excitation energies as high as 90% of those which would result from complete fusion are reached. The spectra of light particles detected in coincidence with residue groups having different average velocities are analyzed with a moving source fit. When recoil effects are properly taken into account, excellent fits to the data are obtained. From the energy spectra and multiplicities of particles emitted from a fusion-like source the initial temperatures of the primary composite nuclei are determined. The results suggest that a plateau temperature near 6.5 MeV is reached above excitation energies of 3 MeV/nucleon. The temperatures are compared to those resulting from various model calculations.

Temperatures and excitation energies of hot nuclei in the reactions of 32S+Ag and 16O+Ag at 30 MeV/nucleon.

Inclusive cross sections of intermediate mass fragments from the reaction {sup 40}Ar+{sup 197}Au at {ital E}/{ital A}=30 and 220 MeV were measured with a low threshold and over a large range of angles. The integrated cross sections are about 2 b at both energies but the emission characteristics change considerably. The increased isotropy of the angular distributions and the strongly reduced Coulomb repulsion at the higher bombarding energy suggest that the emission process evolves towards fragmentation of excited spectator matter in central ion-ion collisions.

Intermediate mass fragments from 40 Ar+ 197 Au: Transition from the incomplete fusion to the participant spectator regime

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Temperatures and excitation energies of hot nuclei in the reactions of 32S+Ag and 16O+Ag at 30 MeV/nucleon.

Intermediate mass fragments from 40 Ar+ 197 Au: Transition from the incomplete fusion to the participant spectator regime