Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is an emerging technology, offering the possibility for the development of dose-customized, effective, and safe solid oral dosage forms (SODFs). Although 3DP has great potential, it does come with certain limitations, and the traditional drug manufacturing platforms remain the industry standard. The consensus appears to be that 3DP technology is expected to benefit personalized medicine the most, but that it is unlikely to replace conventional manufacturing for mass production. The 3DP method, on the other hand, could prove well-suited for producing small batches as an adaptive manufacturing technique for enabling adaptive clinical trial design for early clinical studies. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advancements in 3DP technologies for SODFs and to focus on the applications for SODFs in the early clinical development stages, including a discussion of current regulatory challenges and quality controls. 

Application of 3D printing in early phase development of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms.

In the context of large-scale rural construction in China, scientific and effective cognition and evaluation of the visual quality of public space in traditional villages is very important for improving the spatial quality of traditional villages. This study builds a cognitive and evaluation mechanism about the visual quality of public space in traditional villages by focusing on eye tracking techniques in ergonomic analysis, combining the results of subjective questionnaires and empirical judgments about the spatial perception of traditional villages. Lixiang Village in Nanjing is selected as a case to explore a scientific analysis of the visual quality of public spaces in traditional villages by using eye tracking technology to collect the subjects’ observation of different types of public spaces in the village and combining the results of the subjective questionnaire. The results of the study showed that the correlations between subjects’ subjective ratings and eye movement data are not as strong, but only moderate for some of these indicators. Moreover, buildings and structures are the most important factors in shaping the richness of public space. Finally, relevant design suggestions and strategies are proposed: in traditional village public spaces, the visual quality of structures and surrounding enclosing buildings should be focused on enhancing, while the focus should be on optimizing the orientation of paths, and also on shaping the unique visual impression of each public space. 

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13467581.2023.2229410?needAccess=true&role=button

Evaluation of Public Space in Traditional Villages Based on Eye Tracking Technology

To improve the power performance and fuel economy and reduce the online computation time of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in off-road driving environments, a real-time energy management strategy based on the expected state-action-reward-state’-action’ (SARSA) algorithm is proposed. This strategy achieves the control effect through coordinated control of the engine generator set (EGS) and the energy distribution between the battery and the EGS. The driving environment is expressed as a transition probability matrix (TPM) of the electric power demand, and the optimal control problem of energy management is solved offline by the expected SARSA algorithm to obtain the control laws. Then, the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence rate is used as the evaluation index of the switching control strategy, and these control laws are used online to realize real-time control. Control strategies based on traditional reinforcement learning (RL), stochastic dynamic programming (SDP), and dynamic programming (DP) are considered benchmark strategies to verify the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy based on the expected SARSA. The fuel economy is improved by a maximum of 13.2%, and the elapsed time is reduced by more than 99.8% compared with the values achieved with the benchmark algorithms. These results show that the proposed strategy has flexible adaptability to complex and changeable off-road conditions without prior knowledge of the whole driving cycle.

A real-time energy management strategy for off-road hybrid electric vehicles based on the expected SARSA

Multi-physics Modeling of Technological Systems

Immersive reality (XR) technologies, particularly Mixed Reality (MR), offer promising opportunities for enhancing design prototyping. While recent studies often focus on Virtual Reality this work explores the application of MR, where focus lies on interlinking both the physical and digital to maximise benefit. Following a review of XR in design, a descriptive framework is presented to characterise MR prototyping. Two case studies are then presented to highlight the value of bridging the physical and digitalf worlds, before directions for further research in MR-based prototyping are outlined.

Mixed reality prototyping: a framework to characterise simultaneous physical/virtual prototyping

Abstract Despite the large diffusion of additive manufacturing, and markedly fused filament fabrication, some quality aspects of the 3D printed parts have not been dealt with sufficiently. This applies particularly to geometric accuracy and the influence process parameters have on it. The paper describes an experiment in which 27 copies of a part were manufactured by means of a desktop fused filament fabrication device while manipulating layer thickness, printing speed, and number of contours. The effect of such process parameters on five typologies of geometric deviations and the duration of the printing process was assessed. While all the process parameters showed effects on both the printing time and some geometric deviations, the number of contours resulted as the most critical factor. The paper includes a proposal to optimize geometric accuracy and the rapidity of the process, which foresees the maximization of the number of contours, the minimization of the layer thickness, and the use of an intermediate value for printing speed. 

/pdf/the-effect-of-process-parameters-on-geometric-deviations-in-173eucgs.pdf

The effect of process parameters on geometric deviations in 3D printing with fused deposition modelling

Sustainability-related information affects people’s choices and evaluation. The literature has made significant efforts to understand the best ways of delivering this kind of information to shape consumer behavior. However, while most studies have focused on packaged products and direct information provided through eco-labels, preferences could be formed differently in other design domains. The paper investigates the effect of the perceived amount of indirect information on the evaluation of an architectural artefact. A sample of 172 participants visited a locally produced mobile tiny house, made with a considerable amount of sustainable materials. The same participants answered a questionnaire about their perceived knowledge, quality, appropriateness and sustainability of the tiny house. The general level of knowledge of the tiny house was used as a proxy of the amount of indirect information received. Although the knowledge of the tiny house was generally low, ratings regarding the other dimensions were overall extremely positive. In particular, no evident relation was found between knowledge of the tiny house and sustainability, while the latter is significantly linked to quality aspects. These outcomes deviate from the evidence from other studies; this might be due to indirect vs. direct information and the peculiarity of the study carried out in the field of buildings. The gathered demographic and background data of the participants make it possible to highlight the role played by gender and age in affecting the evaluations, but the absence of a significant impact of experience in the field, education and origin. The results are compared with findings related to the evaluation of sustainable products and green buildings in particular.

/pdf/how-sustainability-related-information-affects-the-3kj0etp2.pdf

How Sustainability-Related Information Affects the Evaluation of Designs: A Case Study of a Locally Manufactured Mobile Tiny House

Abstract This exploratory work aims to understand which elements of a building mostly attract visitors’ attention. An experiment was conducted to allow participants to visit a prototype tiny house while wearing eye-tracking glasses. Identified gazed elements of the prototype were selected and the corresponding dwell times used as variables. The limited dwell times on structural elements show that they can be easily overshadowed by other features present in the building. This leads to a design problem when the novelty and the quality of a new product, markedly a building, reside in the materials used.

/pdf/an-eye-tracking-study-to-identify-the-most-observed-features-222wh9g0.pdf

An Eye-Tracking Study to Identify the Most Observed Features in a Physical Prototype of a Tiny House

Eco-friendly technologies, such as renewable energies, represent the future. the field of automotive is moving in this direction as well, especially with the introduction of hybridisation to reduce fuel consumptions. this paper presents a methodology aimed to optimise the internal combustion engine (icE) efficiency with a new concept of continuously variable transmission (cVt). the starting point of the research is the investigation of the fuel consumption of a representative powertrain in different driving cycles; numerical simulations provides detailed information about fuel efficiency in the case of real and ideal icE working conditions (manual transmission vs. ideal cVt). End scope of the work is to explore the possible optimisation of the icE consumptions, aiming at the achievement of a reduction of the pollutant emissions and an increase of its efficiency by means of innovative system architectures.

/pdf/hybrid-transmissions-for-the-optimisation-of-the-efficiency-1givd1s9j7.pdf

Hybrid transmissions for the optimisation of the efficiency of internal combustion engines

Abstract Product development stages are typically characterized by different forms of representations and degrees of specification, which potentially affect user's perception and evaluation. These effects are worth investigating more closely also because of the growing relevance of new technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) in the design field. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the mutual relations between forms of representation, visual behaviour, and people's evaluations. The focus is on differences between virtual and physical prototypes. In the illustrated experiment, participants visited a tiny house in an immersive VR (360° images acquisition). The results were compared with a past experiment where the physical prototype of the same product was similarly evaluated. The dwell times on Areas of Interest (AOIs) pertaining to the tiny house were compared and correlated to variables concerning subjective evaluations. The results show just a few similarities of visual exploration in terms of gazed AOIs. Substantial differences in terms of how the duration of gazing affects evaluations have been found too. The larger number of significant correlations between observations and evaluations in the virtual exploration emerged.

/pdf/visual-behaviour-in-the-evaluation-of-physical-and-virtual-3tjzj95w.pdf

Visual behaviour in the evaluation of physical and virtual prototypes

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