Analyses of two-particle correlations have provided the chief means for determining spatio-temporal characteristics of relativistic heavy ion collisions. We discuss the theoretical formalism behind these studies and the experimental methods used in carrying them out. Recent results from RHIC are put into context in a systematic review of correlation measurements performed over the past two decades. The current understanding of these results are discussed in terms of model comparisons and overall trends.

/pdf/femtoscopy-in-relativistic-heavy-ion-collisions-136hqpv1hw.pdf

Femtoscopy in relativistic heavy ion collisions

We present a systematic analysis of two-pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at {radical}(s{sub NN})=200 GeV using the STAR detector at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We extract the Hanbury-Brown and Twiss radii and study their multiplicity, transverse momentum, and azimuthal angle dependence. The Gaussianness of the correlation function is studied. Estimates of the geometrical and dynamical structure of the freeze-out source are extracted by fits with blast-wave parametrizations. The expansion of the source and its relation with the initial energy density distribution is studied.

/pdf/pion-interferometry-in-au-au-collisions-at-snn-200-gev-225uk0mev0.pdf

Pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at √ sNN = 200 GeV

We present results of analyses of two-pion interferometry in Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV measured in the STAR detector as part of the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Beam Energy Scan program. The extracted correlation lengths (Hanbury-Brown-Twiss radii) are studied as a function of beam energy, azimuthal angle relative to the reaction plane, centrality, and transverse mass (m(T)) of the particles. The azimuthal analysis allows extraction of the eccentricity of the entire fireball at kinetic freeze-out. The energy dependence of this observable is expected to be sensitive to changes in the equation of state. A new global fit method is studied as an alternate method to directly measure the parameters in the azimuthal analysis. The eccentricity shows a monotonic decrease with beam energy that is qualitatively consistent with the trend from all model predictions and quantitatively consistent with a hadronic transport model.

/pdf/beam-energy-dependent-two-pion-interferometry-and-the-freeze-37csaf7pi3.pdf

Beam-energy-dependent two-pion interferometry and the freeze-out eccentricity of pions measured in heavy ion collisions at the STAR detector

We present a systematic analysis of two-pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at √sNN=62.4 GeV and Cu+Cu collisions at √sNN=62.4 and 200 GeV using the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The multiplicity and transverse momentum dependences of the extracted correlation lengths (radii) are studied. The scaling with charged particle multiplicity of the apparent system volume at final interaction is studied for the RHIC energy domain. The multiplicity scaling of the measured correlation radii is found to be independent of colliding system and collision energy.

/pdf/pion-interferometry-in-au-au-and-cu-cu-collisions-at-snn-62-3fia1z0p8a.pdf

Pion interferometry in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at √sNN=62.4 and 200 GeV

Measurements of Bose-Einstein correlations of {pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup -} pairs in central Pb+Pb collisions were performed with the NA49 detector at the CERN Super Proton Synchroton for beam energies of 20A,30A,40A,80A, and 158A GeV. Correlation functions were measured in the longitudinally comoving 'out-side-long' reference frame as a function of rapidity and transverse momentum in the forward hemisphere of the reaction. Radius and correlation strength parameters were obtained from fits of a Gaussian parametrization. The results show a decrease of the radius parameters with increasing transverse-momentum characteristic of strong radial flow in the pion source. No striking dependence on pion-pair rapidity or beam energy is observed. Static and dynamic properties of the pion source are obtained from simultaneous fits with a blast-wave model to radius parameters and midrapidity transverse-momentum spectra. Predictions of hydrodynamic and microscopic models of Pb+Pb collisions are discussed.

/pdf/bose-einstein-correlations-of-p-p-pairs-in-central-pb-pb-131gvddkpa.pdf

Bose-Einstein correlations of π - π - pairs in central Pb+Pb collisions at 20A,30A,40A,80A, and 158A GeV

Two-pion correlation functions are analyzed at mid-rapidity for three systems (14.6 A-GeV Si+Al, Si+Au, and 11.6 A-GeV Au+Au), seven distinct centrality conditions, and different kT bins in the range 0.1--0.5 GeV/c. Source reference frames are determined from fits to the Yano-Koonin source parameterization. Bertsch-Pratt radius parameters are shown to scale linearly with both number of projectile and total participants as obtained from a Glauber model calculation. A finite emission duration that increases linearly with system/centrality is also reported. The mT dependence of the Bertsch-Pratt radii is measured for the central Si+Au and Au+Au systems. The system/centrality dependence is investigated separately for both high and low mT regions.

System, centrality, and transverse mass dependence of two-pion correlation radii in heavy ion collisions at 11.6A and 14.6A GeV/c

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System, centrality, and transverse mass dependence of two-pion correlation radii in heavy ion collisions at 11.6A and 14.6A GeV/c