Although there's increasing emphasis on farmer-led extension in rural development, very few studies have been done to understand the social processes involved. This study was undertaken to identify farm and farmer charac- teristics that may influence dissemination of seed and knowledge of improved fallows and biomass transfer, to whom, how and what is disseminated. This was done by carrying out a formal and informal survey involving a random sample of 120 farmers from Siaya and Vihiga districts of western Kenya who were involved in a pilot project on soil fertility replenishment by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) and Kenya Agricultural Re- search Institute (KARI). A second survey in- volved 40 farmers, selected using the snowball sampling technique that were given seed and information by the first group of farmers. Descriptive statistics and logit regression models were used to analyze data. Results presented showed that seed and knowledge were mostly shared along kinship ties. Furthermore, informal social networks were found to be more effective for seed than knowledge. This calls for simplifi- cation of technical information by development professionals in order to help support farmers' understanding and communication of complex principles. Farmers with leadership status in their groups, those who belonged to many groups and those with larger farm sizes were more likely to give out seed of improved fallows. These cate- gories of farmers could be targeted to enhance the spread of technologies.

Sharing seed and knowledge: farmer to farmer dissemination of agroforestry technologies in western Kenya

More than 400 million people in the developing world depend on dryland agriculture for their livelihoods. Dryland agriculture involves a complex combination of productive components: staple crops, vegetables, livestock, trees and fish interacting principally with rangeland, cultivated areas and watercourses. Managing risk and enhancing productivity through diversification and sustainable intensification is critical to securing and improving rural livelihoods. The main biophysical constraints are natural resource limitations and degradation, particularly water scarcity and encroaching desertification. Social and economic limitations, such as poor access to markets and inputs, weak governance and lack of information about alternative production technologies also limit the options available to farmers. Past efforts to address these constraints by focusing on individual components have either not been successful or are now facing a declining rate of impact, indicating the need for new integrated approaches to research for development of dryland systems. This article outlines the characteristics of such an approach, integrating agro-ecosystem and livelihoods approaches and presents a range of empirical examples of its application in dryland contexts. The authors draw attention to new insights about the design of research required to accelerate impact by integrating across disciplines and scales.

/pdf/an-integrated-agro-ecosystem-and-livelihood-systems-approach-p9e7sdobrw.pdf

An integrated agro-ecosystem and livelihood systems approach for the poor and vulnerable in dry areas

Farmer knowledge of the relationships among soil macrofauna, soil quality and tree species in a smallholder agroforestry system of western Honduras

Boundary work has been proven effective in bridging research communities and the gap between action and policy-making in sustainable development Applying this boundary-work framework, the manu- script examines the process of knowledge co-production and evaluates its effectiveness in supporting the negotiation process of four cases of payment for watershed services (PWS) in Indonesia Our case studies reveal that local communities and policy-makers have a diverse range of knowledge regarding watershed functions and services Recognizing this knowledge diversity, and combining it with scientific informa- tion, leads to (i) enlightenment, by engaging local stakeholders in more active roles for knowledge co- production thus setting realistic targets for ecosystem services' interventions in the design of PWS schemes; (ii) decision-making support for stakeholders, by providing opportunities for collaborative learning; and (iii) effective negotiations, by providing salient and credible information We recognize 10 different prototypes that lead to a better understanding of how payments can be channeled to enhance, or at least maintain, underlying hydrological functions The case studies, in different landscape config- urations and associated PWS prototype settings, show that knowledge interfacing and sharing towards co-producing collaborative products helps to clarify the performance-based indicators for effective PWS negotiation between potential sellers and buyers of ecosystem services & 2015 The Authors Published by Elsevier BV This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommonsorg/licenses/by-nc-nd/40/)

http://asb.cgiar.org/Publications%202015/Leimona%20et%20al_Boundary%20work.pdf

Boundary work: Knowledge co-production for negotiating payment for watershed services in Indonesia

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Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge for Food Security

Locally derived knowledge of soil fertility and its emerging role in integrated natural resource management

http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/R7516toolkit.pdf

Local knowledge and livelihoods: Tools for soils research and dissemination in Ghana.

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Locally derived knowledge of soil fertility and its emerging role in integrated natural resource management

Local knowledge and livelihoods: Tools for soils research and dissemination in Ghana.