Hyaluronic acid based scaffolds for tissue engineering--a review.

Titanium (Ti) is used for implantable devices because of its biocompatible oxide surface layer. TiO2 surfaces that have a complex microtopography increase bone-to-implant contact and removal torque forces in vivo and induce osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Studies examining osteoblast response to controlled surface chemistries indicate that hydrophilic surfaces are osteogenic, but TiO2 surfaces produced until now exhibit low surface energy because of adsorbed hydrocarbons and carbonates from the ambient atmosphere or roughness induced hydrophobicity. Novel hydroxylated/hydrated Ti surfaces were used to retain high surface energy of TiO2. Osteoblasts grown on this modified surface exhibited a more differentiated phenotype characterized by increased alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin and generated an osteogenic microenvironment through higher production of PGE2 and TGF-beta1. Moreover, 1alpha,25OH2D3 increased these effects in a manner that was synergistic with high surface energy. This suggests that increased bone formation observed on modified Ti surfaces in vivo is due in part to stimulatory effects of high surface energy on osteoblasts.

High surface energy enhances cell response to titanium substrate microstructure.

Significance of calcium phosphate coatings for the enhancement of new bone osteogenesis – A review ☆

With an ageing population, war, and sports related injuries there is an ever-expanding requirement for hard tissue replacement such as bone. Engineered artificial scaffold biomaterials with appropriate mechanical properties, surface chemistry and surface topography are in a great demand for enhancing cell attachment, cell growth and tissue formation at such defect sites. Most of these engineering techniques are aimed at mimicking the natural organization of the bone tissues and thereby create a conducive environment for bone regeneration. As the interaction between the cells and tissues with biomaterials at the tissue–implant interface is a surface phenomenon, surface properties play a major role in determining both the biological response to implants and the material response to the physiological condition. Hence surface engineering of biomaterials is aimed at modifying the material and biological responses through changes in surface properties while still maintaining the bulk mechanical properties of the implant. Therefore, there has been a great thrust towards development of Ca–P-based surface coatings on various metallic and nonmetallic substrates for load bearing implant applications such as hip joint prosthesis, knee joint prosthesis and dental implants. Typical coating methodologies like ion beam assisted deposition, plasma spray deposition, pulsed laser physical vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering, sol–gel derived coatings, electrodeposition, micro-arc oxidation and laser deposition are extensively studied at laboratory scale. In the present article, attempts are made to give an overview of the basic principles behind the coating techniques as well as advantageous features such as bioactivity and biocompatibility associated with these coatings. A strong emphasis will be given on laser-induced textured and bioactive coatings obtained by the author's research group [A. Kurella, N.B. Dahotre, Journal of Biomedical Applications 20 (2005) 5–50; A. Kurella, N.B. Dahotre, Acta Biomaterialia 2 (2006) 677–688; A. Kurella, N.B. Dahotre, Journal of Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (JOM) 58 (2006) 64–66; A. Kurella, N.B. Dahotre, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 17 (2006) 565–572; P.G. Engleman, A. Kurella, A. Samant, C.A. Blue, N.B. Dahotre, Journal of Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (JOM) 57 (2005) 46–50; R. Singh, A. Kurella, N.B. Dahotre, Journal of Biomaterials Applications 21 (2006) 46–72; S.R. Paital, N.B. Dahotre, Biomedical Materials 2 (2007) 274–281; S.R. Paital, N.B. Dahotre, 2009, Acta Biomaterialia, doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.03.004 ; R. Singh, N.B. Dahotre, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 18 (2007) 725–751.]. Since cells are sensitive to topographical features ranging from mesoscale to nanoscale, formation of these features by both pulsed and continuous wave Nd:YAG laser system will be highlighted. This can also be regarded as advancement towards third generation biomaterials which are bioinert, bioactive and which once implanted will stimulate cell adhesion, proliferation and growth at the interface. Further, an overview of various bio-implants and bio-devices and materials used for these kinds of devices, performance factors such as mechanical and corrosion behavior and surface science associated with these materials are also explained. As the present article is aimed at describing the multidisciplinary nature of this exciting field it also provides a common platform to understand this subject in a simple way for students, researchers, teachers and engineers in the fields ranging from medicine, dentistry, biology, materials science, biomedicine, biomechanics to physics.

Calcium phosphate coatings for bio-implant applications: Materials, performance factors, and methodologies

Materials as morphogenetic guides in tissue engineering.

Hydroxyapatite coatings have been deposited on titanium cp by plasma spray, sol-gel, and sputtering techniques for dental implant applications. The latter two techniques are of current interest, as they allow coatings of micrometer dimensions to be deposited. Coating morphology, composition, and structure have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). All coatings were homogeneous and exhibited a rough morphology suitable for implant applications. The sputtered (after annealing), plasma spray, and sol-gel coatings all showed diffraction peaks corresponding to hydroxyapatite. The surface contaminants were observed to be different for the different coating types. The sputtered coatings were found to have a composition most similar to hydroxyapatite; the sol-gel deposits also showed a high concentration of hydroxyl ions. A discrepancy in the Ca/P ratio was observed for the plasma spray coatings, and a small concentration of carbonate ions was found in the sputter-deposited coatings. The in vitro cell-culture studies using MG63 osteoblast-like cells demonstrated the ability of cells to proliferate on the materials tested. The sol-gel coating promotes higher cell growth, greater alkaline phosphatase activity, and greater osteocalcin production compared to the sputtered and plasma-sprayed coatings.

Surface and biological evaluation of hydroxyapatite-based coatings on titanium deposited by different techniques.

The aim of this study was to obtain information on the chemico-physical and surface properties of the hyaluronan total benzylic ester sponges to evaluate their stability, surface “cleanliness” and handling for the applications in the tissue engineering. The thermal analysis, the characterization of surface chemical composition and the swelling test were performed on these materials. Moreover, the morphological changes, the rheological behavior, and the molecular weight loss in function of the time were monitored when the sponges were incubated in cell culture medium. The results showed that the sponges were thermally stable up to 220°C and the surface composition was different from that of the bulk for C–O contribution. No contaminants were detected. In culture medium, the samples swelled assuming the rheological properties of biopolymer gel. When the sponges were in contact with the culture medium, their molecular weight remained stable for the first day and a loss of 11% and 31% was recorded for samples removed from culture medium after 3 and 7 days, respectively. With the scanning electron microscopy analysis, the spongy structure appeared with open interconnecting pores. The micrographs related to the samples after incubation in culture medium showed that the degradation was evident on the surface after 1 day. The deterioration of the pore walls and the presence of craters increased with time and, after 3 days, the phenomena were present also in the section. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 52, 695–700, 2000.

Chemico-physical properties of hyaluronan-based sponges.

Physico-chemical properties and degradability of non-woven hyaluronan benzylic esters as tissue engineering scaffolds.

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Surface and biological evaluation of hydroxyapatite-based coatings on titanium deposited by different techniques.

Chemico-physical properties of hyaluronan-based sponges.

Physico-chemical properties and degradability of non-woven hyaluronan benzylic esters as tissue engineering scaffolds.