The present invention discloses a novel method for identifying an individual who may be susceptible to develop a developmental disorder. In one particular example, an individual is identified who is genetically susceptible to becoming schizophrenic. In addition, the present invention discloses a novel method for identifying individuals who are genetically susceptible to have offspring with a developmental disorder. Methods of diagnosing, preventing and treating developmental disorders such as schizophrenia are also provided.

Methods for diagnosing, preventing, and treating developmental disorders due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Core and peripheral body temperatures are affected by changes in reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle. Women worldwide use the basal body temperature (BBT) method to aid and prevent conception. However, prior research suggests that taking one’s daily temperature can prove inconvenient and subject to environmental factors. We investigate whether a more automatic, non-invasive temperature measurement system can detect changes in temperature across the menstrual cycle. We examined how wrist skin temperature (WST), measured with wearable sensors, correlates with urinary tests of ovulation and may serve as a new method of fertility tracking. One hundred and thirty-six eumenorrheic, non-pregnant women participated in an observational study. Participants wore WST biosensors during sleep and reported their daily activities. An at-home luteinizing hormone (LH) test was used to confirm ovulation. WST was recorded across 437 cycles (mean cycles/participant = 3.21, S.D. = 2.25). We tested the relationship between the fertile window and WST temperature shifts, using the BBT three-over-six rule. A sustained 3-day temperature shift was observed in 357/437 cycles (82%), with the lowest cycle temperature occurring in the fertile window 41% of the time. Most temporal shifts (307/357, 86%) occurred on ovulation day (OV) or later. The average early-luteal phase temperature was 0.33°C higher than in the fertile window. Menstrual cycle changes in WST were impervious to lifestyle factors, like having sex, alcohol, or eating prior to bed, that, in prior work, have been shown to obfuscate BBT readings. Although currently costlier than BBT, the present study suggests that WST could be a promising, convenient parameter for future multiparameter fertility awareness methods.

/pdf/modern-fertility-awareness-methods-wrist-wearables-capture-1ojpjc56ic.pdf

Modern fertility awareness methods: wrist wearables capture the changes in temperature associated with the menstrual cycle.

Advanced practice nurses (APNs) have an important role in the initial evaluation of both fertility and infertility and are frequently asked to discuss fertility issues with couples who desire a pregnancy. It is essential, therefore, that APNs understand the most current data regarding ovulation, optimal timing of intercourse in relation to ovulation, and time frames in which couples can expect to conceive. For many decades, basal body temperature (BBT) charting has been one of the methods discussed with couples to help them establish the presence of ovulatory cycles and to help them time intercourse. In view of the fact that now there are more accurate and prospective biologic markers available to predict and detect ovulation, it is relevant to ask whether BBT charting should be recommended. The purpose of this article, then, is to review the research basis for BBT to help APNs give the most current advice to couples seeking pregnancy.

/pdf/basal-body-temperature-assessment-is-it-useful-to-couples-n64ft7juge.pdf

Basal body temperature assessment: is it useful to couples seeking pregnancy?

To evaluate fertility knowledge and awareness among infertile women attending an Indian assisted fertility clinic and their understanding of the menstrual cycle, how age affects fertility and need for assisted fertility treatment. A cross sectional study was conducted including 205 women seeking fertility treatment at an assisted reproductive unit between March 2017 to August 2017. Patients were interviewed with the help of structured questionnaire by a fertility counsellor. The previous studies were reviewed and a questionnaire was made according to our patient profile and sociodemographic characteristics. Knowledge and awareness was stratified according to socioeconomic status (SES). Most women (59%) were aged between 20 to 30 years indicating concern about their fertility and need for evaluation. More than half (63%) women were from the middle socio-economic strata. Knowledge about fertility and reproduction was low: 85% were not aware of the ovulatory period in the menstrual cycle, only 8% considered age more than 35 years as the most significant risk factor for infertility and most were unaware of when to seek treatment for infertility after trying for pregnancy. Less than half of women understood the need for assisted fertility treatment and donor oocytes in advanced age. Most Indian women across different SES are unaware of the effect of age on fertility. Targeted educational interventions are needed to improve knowledge regarding ideal age of fertility, factors affecting fertility potential and fertility options available for sub-fertile couples. Fertility counselling and information should be provided to young people at every contact with health care professionals.

/pdf/fertility-awareness-and-knowledge-among-indian-women-21mjv34zd0.pdf

Fertility awareness and knowledge among Indian women attending an infertility clinic: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction Infertility is the inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy within 12 months of sexual intercourse without the use of contraceptives. The Pakistani population, belonging to a low-middle income country, has a high prevalence of infertility due to a low knowledge and awareness regarding its causes, and lack of healthcare-seeking behavior for this medical issue. The prevalence of infertility in Pakistan is reported as 22%, with primary infertility accounting for 4% of the total cases. This leads to psychological trauma among women as societal norms equate infertility with failure on a personal, emotional, and social level. In this study, we aimed to assess among this population the general awareness regarding infertility and its causes; and identify any key knowledge gaps pertaining to the subject. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out between June 2019 and November 2019, at a public hospital (Civil Hospital Karachi) in Karachi, Pakistan. Convenience sampling technique was used to collect data from adult participants (older than 18 years) via an interview-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was based on the Cardiff Fertility Knowledge Scale (CFKS) and assessed the knowledge regarding causes of infertility such as smoking, healthy lifestyle, contraceptives, genital tract infections among others. We also determined the association between socio-demographic variables with mean knowledge scores. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0. Results The majority of the participants were married (n=342, 68.8%) and more than half were unemployed (n=259, 52.1%). Approximately, two-quarters (n=250, 50.3%) did not believe that equal proportions of males and females contribute to infertility. The mean knowledge score of our study population was 12.95 ± 2.48 points. An overwhelming proportion of the participants (n=326, 65.6%) falsely believed that the usage of the intra-uterine device contributes to infertility. Additionally, more than half of the responders (n=278, 55.9%) incorrectly believed that a male achieving erection is an indication of fertility. Education (p=0.019), vehicle ownership (p=0.018), and marital status (p=0.031) were the only demographic factors that showed significant differences with mean knowledge scores. Conclusion Awareness regarding the causes of infertility among the general population was found to be inadequate. Emphasis on targeted fertility education, in association with general public awareness programs regarding its causes and risk factors may help mitigate this problem by potentially reducing the prevalence of this condition, and increasing the number of affected individuals who seek medical care in a timely fashion.

/pdf/awareness-regarding-causes-of-infertility-among-out-patients-1pgoi1qzb6.pdf

Awareness Regarding Causes of Infertility Among Out-patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan

Information about fertility awareness helps to fulfil the broader definition of the services many family planning clinics offer Although information about natural family planning is requested by a small number of clients seeking family planning advice, many more clients benefit from information about fertility awareness Fertility awareness is far more than just basic reproductive anatomy and physiology; fertility awareness involves understanding basic information about fertility and reproduction, being able to apply it to oneself, and being able to discuss it with a partner or with a health professional Fertility awareness is fundamental to understanding and making informed decisions about reproductive health and sexual health If clients have a better understanding of fertility awareness, they are in a stronger position to make informed decisions about how they wish to manage their reproductive and sexual health, for example: (1) Fertility awareness information is used to help couples to plan pregnancies as well as to avoid them This can be helpful to couples who are having difficulty conceiving, for the timing of intercourse or for the timing of some of the sub-fertility investigations (2) The information is also useful when helping couples to understand how each method of family planning works--how the family planning method interrupts normal fertility, how the method will fail if not used correctly, and how fertility returns when the method is discontinued (3) Women who are fully breastfeeding value the knowledge about reduced fertility, as do women during the perimenopausal years who value being given clear information about their declining fertility (4) When counselling couples about the importance of avoiding sexually transmitted diseases it is important they understand sexually transmitted diseases may damage their fertility (5) Couples who choose only to use a barrier method during the time they think the woman is fertile are a group who do not readily identify themselves to family planning providers These couples often do not have adequate information about fertility awareness Advances in technology and the understanding of ovulation, ovum and sperm survival have confirmed that the guidelines used to teach fertility awareness and natural family planning effectively identify the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle Serial ultrasound studies on the ovaries during the menstrual cycle have confirmed the accuracy of the hormonal assays in pinpointing the likely time of ovulation Ultrasound studies have also shown that subjective observations of the alterations in cervical mucus and the basal body temperature rise are accurate indicators of the fertile phase Research on the chances of conception on each day of the menstrual cycle, using hormonal assays to estimate the time of ovulation, was carried out in 1994 by Weinberg and Wilcox Their results showed that the timing of sexual intercourse, in relation to ovulation, strongly influences the chance of conception Conception only occurred during a 6-day interval that ended on the estimated day of ovulation The chances of conception fell to zero 24 hours after ovulation Several different methods of natural family planning are taught; some methods depend on only using one of the indicators of fertility, others are based on two or more indicators The main indicators of fertility are: observing the cervical mucus, recording the basal body temperature, palpating the cervix and a calculation based on the cycle length Research studies performed using a combination of the indicators of fertility show that the failure rate using a combination is less than most of the studies which use a single indicator In each case the method failure is far lower than the user failure (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Fertility awareness and natural family planning

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Fertility awareness and natural family planning