Interspecific hybridization is widespread in nature, where it can lead to either the production of new species or to the introgression of useful adaptive traits between species. In agricultural systems, there is also great potential to take advantage of this process for targeted crop improvement. In the Brassica genus, several crop species share close relationships: rapeseed (Brassica napus) is an ancestral hybrid between turnip (B. rapa) and cabbage (B. oleracea), and mustard species B. juncea, B. carinata and B. nigra share genomes in common. This close relationship, plus the abundance of wild relatives and minor crop species in the wider Brassiceae tribe which readily hybridize with the Brassica crop species, makes this genus an interesting example of the use of interspecific hybridization for crop improvement. In this review we introduce the Brassica crop species and their wild relatives, barriers to interspecific and intergeneric hybridization and methods to overcome them, summarize previous successful and unsuccessful attempts at the use of interspecific hybridization for crop improvement in Brassica, and provide information about resources available to breeders wishing to take advantage of this method in the Brassica genus.

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Interspecific Hybridization for Brassica Crop Improvement

Two hundred and ninety-nine accessions representing 11 cultivar groups of Brassica oleracea and eight additional accessions of the wild species B. cretica, B. incana, B. insularis and B. villosa were screened for resistance to Verticillium wilt. A disease index (DI) was calculated for each accession, and a correction of the DI was carried out to compensate for a fluctuating infection level between 11 independent trials. A total of 235, or 77% of the accessions tested, had a DIcorr less or equal to the oilseed rape cv. ‘Express’ (DIcorr= 2.81), the reference cultivar. Only one accession of the wild species, B. incana, showed an enhanced level of resistance (DIcorr= 2.01). Twenty-four accessions, distributed over eight cultivar groups of B. oleracea were selected for subsequent crosses involving B. rapa. Hybrid plants with 14 accessions were resultant and seed was obtained from crosses where the cultivar groups acephala, alboglabra, botrytis, capitata, gemmifera, italica and sabellica were used as female parents. When progeny of the produced resynthesized rapeseed lines were evaluated for Verticillium wilt resistance, three lines showed a significantly lower disease index (P ≥ 0.01) compared with the cv. ‘Express’. This source of resistance is now being crossed to advanced breeding material of oilseed rape.

Identification of Brassica oleracea germplasm with improved resistance to Verticillium wilt

Brassica napus and B. rapa are native to Eurasia. In Canada, these species are commonly referred to as volunteer canola, while feral populations of B. rapa are referred to as birdrape. Brassica napus and B. rapa have been grown commercially for their seed oil content in western Canada since the middle of the last century and volunteer populations are common in fields. Escaped populations of both species are also found along roadways, railways and in waste areas; however, only B. rapa is known to have naturalized, self-sustaining feral populations in these habitats in eastern Canada. Despite these escaped and feral populations, B. napus and B. rapa are mainly a concern in agricultural fields where their combined relative abundance has increased over the past few decades. In the mid 1990s, herbicide-resistant genotypes of B. napus were released for commercial production. Herbicide-resistance and the stacking of genes in volunteer populations conferring resistance to multiple herbicides have contributed to i...

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L

The nutrient content of three edible plants of the Republic of Niger

The primary aim of this study was to optimize in vitro culture protocols to establish an efficient reproducible culture system for different Brassica interspecific crosses, and to synthesize yellow-seeded Brassica napus (AACC) for breeding and genetical studies. Reciprocal crosses were carried out between three B. rapa L. ssp. oleifera varieties (AA) and five accessions of B. oleracea var. acephala (CC). All the parental lines were yellow-seeded except one accession of B. oleracea. Hybrids were obtained through either ovary culture from crosses B. rapa × B. oleracea, or embryo culture from crosses B. oleracea × B. rapa. A higher rate of hybrid production was recorded when ovaries were cultured at 4–7 days after pollination (DAP). Of different culture media, medium E (MS with half strength macronutrients) showed good response for ovaries from all the crosses, the highest rate of hybrid production reaching 45% in B. rapa (1151) × B. oleracea (T2). In embryo culture, the hybrid rate was significantly enhanced at 16–18 DAP, up to 48.1% in B. oleracea (T3) × B. rapa (JB2). The combinations of optimal DAP for excision and media components increased recovery of hybrids for ovary and embryo culture, and constituted an improved technique for B. rapa × B. oleracea crosses. In addition, yellow seeds were obtained from progenies of two crosses, indicating the feasibility of developing yellow-seeded B. napus through the hybridization between yellow-seeded diploids B. rapa and B. oleracea var. acephala.

Improving ovary and embryo culture techniques for efficient resynthesis of Brassica napus from reciprocal crosses between yellow-seeded diploids B. rapa and B. oleracea

The effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal colour was studied in Brassica. Three accessions of yellow-petalled B. rapa (2n = 20, AA) were crossed with a white-petalled B. oleracea var. alboglabra (2n = 18, CC) and with three cream-yellow-petalled B. oleracea var. gongylodes (2n = 18, CC) to produce resynthesized B. napus (2n = 38, AACC or CCAA) and sesquidiploids (2n = 29, AAC or CAA). Petal colour was measured with a Hunter automatic colour difference meter. The results revealed that petal colour in Brassica is controlled by nuclear genes and by cytoplasmic factors. Additive and epistatic gene effects were involved in the action of nuclear genes. When crosses were made between yellow-petalled B. rapa and white-petalled B. oleracea var. alboglabra, significant additive, epistatic and cytoplasmic effects were found. White petal colour was partially epistatic over yellow petal colour. When crosses were made between yellow-petalled B. rapa and cream-yellow-petalled B. oleracea var. gongylodes, only epistatic effects were detected. Yellow petal colour was epistatic over cream-yellow.

Effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal colour in resynthesized amphidiploids and sesquidiploids derived from crosses between Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea

The effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal size was studied in Brassica. Two accessions of Brassica rapa (2n = 20, AA) were reciprocally crossed with three accessions of Brassica oleracea (2n = 18, CC) to produce resynthesized B. napus (2n = 38, AACC or CCAA) and sesquidiploids (2n = 29, AAC or CAA). Petal size was measured and compared among diploids (AA and CC), sesquidiploids (AAC and CAA) and amphidiploids(AACC and CCAA). The results showed that petal size is a genome-dependent and highly heritable character. The heritability of petal length is as high as 96.3%. The addition of each C-genome to the AA genomic background increased the petal length by 4-5 mm. Cytoplasm of B. oleracea showed a positive effect on petal length by about 1.3 mm over that of B. rapa. Petal width was positively correlated with petal length at a highly significant level (r = 0.806, df = 81). Resynthesized B. napes (AACC) showed significantly larger flower petals than natural rapeseed cultivars (AACC).

Genetic analysis of petal size through genomic manipulation in Brassica

Fifteen lines of Brassica napus were resynthesized via ovule culture through 24 interspecific crosses between four Brassica oleracea and three Brassica campestris accessions. The degree of success in the interspecific crosses was significantly influenced by maternal genotypes. The interspecific hybrid production rate (HPR) varied with combinations from 0 to 76.9%, with a mean HPR of 24.7% for the crosses with B. campestris as the female parent and 6.9% for the crosses with B. oleracea as female parent. Twenty-four crosses between seven natural and six resynthesized B. napus gave, on average, 10.3 seeds per pod, and ranged from 1.2 to 22.0 seeds per pod, depending on genotypes of both parents. Resynthesized lines of B. napus showed high erucic acid content and variable content of linolenic acid, ranging from 3.4% to 9.9%. The fatty acid composition in hybrid seeds between natural and resynthesized B. napus was dominated by the embryo genotypes; an additive mode was shown for erucic acid and positive over-dominance for linolenic acid content.

Introgression of genes into cultivated Brassica napus through resynthesis of B. napus via ovule culture and the accompanying change in fatty acid composition

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Effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal colour in resynthesized amphidiploids and sesquidiploids derived from crosses between Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea

Genetic analysis of petal size through genomic manipulation in Brassica

Introgression of genes into cultivated Brassica napus through resynthesis of B. napus via ovule culture and the accompanying change in fatty acid composition