A compact means to separate microwave and millimeter-wave optical signals by RF frequency in real time is demonstrated. The approach is to employ an integrated optical Bragg grating Fabry-Perot (BGFP) device to spatially separate optically modulated microwave signals with high resolution. The compactness is achieved through the use of an integrated optical hybrid diffractive lens beam expander to provide the required optical wavefront to the BGFP. A proof-of-principle measurement was performed from 1 to 23 GHz with peak finesse of 27. The theoretical analysis, fabrication procedure, experimental results, limitations, and improvements are described.

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A microwave channelizer and spectroscope based on an integrated optical Bragg-grating Fabry-Perot and integrated hybrid Fresnel lens system

This paper presents the optimization and characterization of SU-8 quad beam optical accelerometers based on intensity modulation. An applied acceleration causes a misalignment between three waveguides, resulting in variation of losses. Mechanical simulations have focused on the evaluation of sensitivity and the design of a robust junction between the mechanical beams and the inertial mass. Results demonstrate that perfectly rounded structures show at least 4.4 times less stress than L-shaped counterparts. Optical simulation predicts that the optimal configuration in terms of sensitivity is obtained when the waveguides are not completely misaligned, since then losses are insensitive to variations in acceleration. Numerical sensitivities ranging between 11.12 and 32.14 dB/g have been obtained. Fabrication has been simplified, now requiring only two photolithographic steps and electroplating Cu as a sacrificial layer. Experimental results show a reproducible experimental sensitivity of at least 13.1 dB/g

SU-8 Optical Accelerometers

Silicon-organic hybrid integrated devices have emerging applications ranging from high-speed optical interconnects to photonic electromagnetic-field sensors. Silicon slot photonic crystal waveguides (PCWs) filled with electro-optic (EO) polymers combine the slow-light effect in PCWs with the high polarizability of EO polymers, which promises the realization of high-performance optical modulators. In this paper, a high-speed, power-efficient, low-dispersion, and compact optical modulator based on an EO polymer filled silicon slot PCW is presented. Lattice-shifted PCWs are utilized to engineer the photonic band diagram and thus enable an 8 nm-wide low-dispersion spectrum range, which is over an order of magnitude wider than that in modulators based on non-band-engineered PCWs and ring-resonators. A small voltage-length product of Vπ × L = 0.282 V × mm measured at 100 KHz is achieved by slow-light enhancement, corresponding to an unprecedented record-high effective in-device EO coefficient (r33) of 1230 pm/V among silicon-organic hybrid modulators. Excluding the slow-light effect, the actual in-device r33 is estimated to be 98 pm/V. By engineering the RC time constant via silicon doping and also utilizing a backside gate technique, the 3-dB modulation bandwidth of the device is measured to be 15 GHz. In addition, the RF power consumption of the modulator is estimated to be 24 mW at 10 GHz, and the estimated energy consumption for potential digital modulations is approximately 94.4 fJ/bit at 10 Gb/s.

High Performance Optical Modulator Based on Electro-Optic Polymer Filled Silicon Slot Photonic Crystal Waveguide

The characteristics of high-speed LiNbO/sub 3/ electrooptic interferometric modulators/switches are discussed from the viewpoint of optimization of device performance. Specific calculations of the impedance, effective microwave index, and microwave attenuation parameter are presented as a function of the microwave electrode parameters including the buffer layer thickness. The authors have found that the optimization procedure is considerably simplified when the range of electrode and microwave parameters that satisfy a given bandwidth requirement is first determined. >

Modeling and optimization of traveling-wave LiNbO/sub 3/ interferometric modulators

A finite-difference method (FDM) with nonuniform discretization for the analysis of channel waveguides is presented. Application of the boundary conditions for either the quasi-TE or quasi-TM mode is illustrated. Flexible discretization of the grid structures minimizes memory size, resulting in much smaller computing time without sacrificing the accuracy of the solution. This nonuniform discretization FDM technique is used to model the well-guided small-mode-size Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides. The model treats both finite and infinite source diffusion cases. Quasi-TM mode profiles and the corresponding eigenvalues are rigorously evaluated and the theoretical results agree very well with the experimental results. >

Modeling of graded-index channel waveguides using nonuniform finite difference method

For an optical asymmetric directional coupler with graded-index profile, quasi-even and quasi-odd mode eigenvalue equations are derived using WKB approximation through connection formulas. Analysis of the guiding structures is based on a combination of the effective index approach and the derived quasi-even and odd mode eigenvalue solutions. Two-dimensional isotropic diffusion is assumed throughout. Excellent agreement is obtained when the results are compared with those of the finite difference method. Calculation of the normal mode approach is applied to a uniform directional coupler switch and the design parameters are illustrated for this case. >

WKB analysis of asymmetric directional couplers and its application to optical switches

Coplanar strip and complementary coplanar strip electrodes are often used in integrated optical switches and modulators using the optical directional coupler. The field analysis of these electrodes is performed to determine the optimum overlap integral between the optical field and the modulating electromagnetic field. The optimal placement of the electrodes with respect to the optical channel waveguides is presented as a function of electrode width and spacing. >

Overlap integral factors in integrated optic modulators and switches

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Modeling of graded-index channel waveguides using nonuniform finite difference method

WKB analysis of asymmetric directional couplers and its application to optical switches

Overlap integral factors in integrated optic modulators and switches