In May 2006, the FAO’s Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division and the Secretariat of the Commission convened, with the World Fisheries Trust, an international workshop on The Status and Trends in Aquatic Genetic Resources: a Basis for International Policy.This document provides a summary of the proceedings and the outcomes of the workshop. Experts in the fields of aquaculture, biotechnology, fishery genetics, international development and policy analyzed the status of aquatic genetic resources, and trends in their conservation and use, in both capture fisheries and aquaculture. The Report of the Workshop and its conclusions identify key policy issues, priorities and implications for the international development community, in particular FAO and its Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in addressing the rapidly evolving needs of the sector. The executive summaries of their presentations are also given in this document.

Commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture

Summary

During the past decade a large number of genetic diversity studies in domestic livestock based on microsatellite loci was carried out all over the world A survey among research groups reveals that in 50% of 87 projects more than eight breeds are investigated Breeds are chosen mainly because of their long history of isolation, unique phenotypic qualities or an evolution within a unique environment In half of the projects the average planned sample size per breed is higher than 50 Small ruminants are investigated in the majority of projects The most preferred type of sample is blood and the most preferred markers are microsatellite loci To combine results from different diversity studies, the adherence to recommendations, eg which loci to genotype or required sample sizes per breed, is necessary The so called International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG)/FAO recommendations, which were developed for that purpose, are well known, but the use of recommended microsatellite loci varies between species The highest acceptance was found in pig, and the lowest in chicken

Zusammenfassung

Im Laufe des vergangenen Jahrzehnts wurde weltweit eine Vielzahl genetischer Diversitatsstudien bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren durchgefuhrt Viele dieser Studien basieren auf Mikrosatelliteninformation Eine Umfrage unter wissenenschaftlichen Forschergruppen zeigte, dass in 50% von 87 beschriebenen Studien mehr als 8 Rassen untersucht werden Rassen werden hauptsachlich wegen ihrer langen, isolierten Zuchtgeschichte, einzigartigen phanotypischen Eigenschaften oder ihrer Entwicklung in einer speziellen Umwelt ausgewahlt In der Halfte aller beschriebenen Projekte war der durchschnittlich geplante Stichprobenumfang pro Rasse groser als 50 Wiederkauer stehen in der Mehrheit der Studien im Mittelpunkt des Interesses Das bevorzugte Probenmaterial ist Blut, der beliebteste genetische Markertyp sind Mikrosatelliten Die Einhaltung solcher Empfehlungen (Verwendung bestimmter Mikrosatellitenloci, Mindeststichprobenumfange etc) ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung zur Kombination von Resultaten aus verschiedenen Diversitatsstudien Die ISAG/FAO-Empfehlungen, die zu diesem Zweck entwickelt wurden, sind gut bekannt, die Verwendung der empfohlenen Mikrosatelliten variiert jedoch deutlich zwischen Spezies Die hochste Akzeptanz wurde bei Diversitatsstudien bei Schweinen die geringste bei Huhnern gefunden

Genetic diversity studies in farm animals – a survey

The origin of Iberian cattle has been suggested by some authors to be the product of European and north African cattle entrances during the last few thousands of years. However, these hypotheses were mainly based on morphological similarities. This study analyzed 889 unrelated individuals from 15 representative Iberian breeds and 3 French breeds for 16 microsatellite loci. Statistical tests were used to calculate interpopulation genetic distances (DA) and principal components analysis (PCA). To visualize the geographical distribution of the genetic differentiation between Iberian cattle breeds, data from the PCA analysis were used to construct synthetic maps. Genetic similarity among neighboring Iberian breeds is mainly caused by gene flow. However, recent demographic fluctuations and reproductive isolation in Alistana, Mirandesa, and Tudanca has increased genetic drift, which may be the main cause for the relatively high differentiation of these populations. The synthetic maps constructed with the first and second PCs revealed (1) a large differentiation between Northern Iberian breeds rather than between more geographically distant breeds, and (2) a clear east-west gradient that may be related with the model of demic diffusion of agriculture. Finally, we detected no strong evidence for an African genetic influence in the Iberian cattle breeds analyzed in this study. The origin of present-day Iberian cattle breeds is controversial, but the analysis of morphological evidence indicates that all entrances of cattle were from the Bos taurus (Taurine) lineage (Sanchez-Belda 1984; Valle 1941). As human population movements played a major role in domestic species dispersal, it is accepted that the first arrival of cattle during the late Neolithic, as well as subsequent arrivals, were mainly from two distinct places: Central Europe and north Africa

/pdf/genetic-characterization-of-southwestern-european-bovine-2vp60jqtpr.pdf

Genetic Characterization of Southwestern European Bovine Breeds: A Historical and Biogeographical Reassessment With a Set of 16 Microsatellites

Summary

Microsatellite markers are commonly used for population genetic analyses of livestock. However, up to now, combinations of microsatellite data sets or comparison of population genetic parameters from different studies and breeds has proven difficult. Often different genotyping methods have been employed, preventing standardization of microsatellite allele calling. In other cases different sets of markers have been genotyped, providing differing estimates of population genetic parameters. Here, we address these issues and illustrate a general two-step regression approach in cattle using three different sets of microsatellite data, to combine population genetics estimates of diversity and admixture. This regression-based method is independent of the loci genotyped but requires common breeds in the data sets. We show that combining microsatellite data sets can provide new insights on the origin and geographical distribution of genetic diversity and admixture in cattle, which will facilitate global management of this livestock species.

Combination of multiple microsatellite data sets to investigate genetic diversity and admixture of domestic cattle.

We report a genetic diversity study of Kherigarh cattle, a utility draught-purpose breed of India, currently declining at a startling rate, by use of microsatellite markers recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Microsatellite genotypes were derived, and allelic and genotypic frequencies, heterozygosities and gene diversity were estimated. A total of 131 alleles were distinguished by the 21 microsatellite markers used. All the microsatellites were highly polymorphic, with mean (+/- s.e.) allelic number of 6.24 +/- 1.7, ranging 4-10 per locus. The observed heterozygosity in the population ranged between 0.261 and 0.809, with mean (+/- s.e.) of 0.574 +/- 0.131, indicating considerable genetic variation in this population. Genetic bottleneck hypotheses were also explored. Our data suggest that the Kherigarh breed has not experienced a genetic bottleneck in the recent past.

Genetic diversity studies of Kherigarh cattle based on microsatellite markers.

We estimated the genetic relationships between the endangered German Pustertaler–Sprinzen cattle breed and the Pinzgauer, Vosges and Simmental breeds – decided upon after consultation of the available historical literature. Within-breed diversity of the four breeds was also assessed. Twenty microsatellite markers were amplified in 27–50 unrelated individuals from populations of each breed. Within-breed variation was estimated from average heterozygosity values and mean number of alleles. Breed relationships were evaluated by genetic distance and a neighbour-joining tree was calculated from these estimates. Bootstrap resampling of loci tested the robustness of the tree topology obtained. A tree was also constructed from distance matrices using individual animals as operational taxonomic units. From both the average heterozygosity values and mean number of alleles calculated, the Pustertaler breed appears to be no more genetically impoverished than the other breeds analysed. The breed tree showed an 85% support for the Pustertaler–Pinzgauer grouping, and this result is echoed in the genetic distance values and allele-sharing individual tree.

http://www.gen.tcd.ie/molpopgen/link%20files/Edwards_et_al.(2000b).pdf

Relationships between the endangered Pustertaler–Sprinzen and three related European cattle breeds as analysed with 20 microsatellite loci

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Relationships between the endangered Pustertaler–Sprinzen and three related European cattle breeds as analysed with 20 microsatellite loci