Most studies focus on macronutrient of C, N and P and ignore other elements, which restrict our understanding on the strategy of plant nutrient adaption and nutrient cycling We investigated 14 element (C, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Na, Al, and Ba) concentrations of green and senesced leaves in Quercus variabilis along the altitude in the Baotianman Mountains, China, and assessed their relationships with climate, soil, and plant functional traits Leaf N,S and K increased with, C, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Ba decreased with, and P, Mg, Al, Zn and N:P did not change significantly with altitude NRE and SRE increased with, and CRE decreased with altitude (p < 005) Among the 14 elements, nucleic acid-protein elements (N, K, S and P) were resorbed preferentially, compare to structural (Ca, Mn, and B) and enzymatic (C, Cu, Mg and Zn) that were discriminated against, and toxic (Al and Fe) elements that were totally excluded Q variabilis can synergetically regulate green leaf multielement stoichiometry and nutrient resorption in responses to environment change Deciduous plants may have a trade-off mechanism at the end of growing season to rebalance somatic nutrients

Altitudinal patterns of leaf stoichiometry and nutrient resorption in Quercus variabilis in the Baotianman Mountains, China

Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Foliar nutrient resorption differs between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal trees at local and global scales

Nutrient resorption is the process whereby plants recover nutrients from senescing leaves and reallocate them to storage structures or newer tissues. Elemental resorption of foliar N and P has been shown to respond to temperature and precipitation, but we know remarkably little about the influence of warming and drought on the resorption of these and other essential plant macro- and micronutrients, which could alter the ability of species to recycle their nutrients. We conducted a 5 year manipulative field study to simulate predicted climate change conditions and studied the effects of warming (W), rainfall reduction (RR), and their combination (W+RR) on nutrient resorption efficiency in five coexisting shrub species in a semiarid shrubland. Both mature and senesced leaves showed significant reductions in their nutrient contents and an altered stoichiometry in response to climate change conditions. Warming (W, W+RR) reduced mature leaf N, K, Ca, S, Fe, and Zn and senesced leaf N, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, and Zn contents relative to ambient temperature conditions. Warming increased mature leaf C/N ratios and decreased N/P and C/P ratios and increased senesced leaf C/N and C/P ratios. Furthermore, W and W+RR reduced nutrient resorption efficiencies for N (6.3%), K (19.8%), S (70.9%) and increased Ca and Fe accumulation in senesced leaves (440% and 35.7%, respectively) relative to the control treatment. Rainfall reduction decreased the resorption efficiencies of N (6.7%), S (51%), and Zn (46%). Reductions in nutrient resorption efficiencies with warming and/or rainfall reduction were rather uniform and consistent across species. The negative impacts of warming and rainfall reduction on foliar nutrient resorption efficiency will likely cause an impairment of plant nutrient budgets and fitness across coexisting native shrubs in this nutrient-poor habitat, with probable implications for key ecosystem functions such as reductions in nutrient retention in vegetation, litter decomposition, and nutrient cycling rates.

Simulated climate change decreases nutrient resorption from senescing leaves.

Nutrient resorption before abscission is an important nutrient conservation mechanism regulated by climatic conditions and soil nutrients. However, our current understanding of leaf nutrient resorption is primarily derived from site-specific studies or from the use of green-leaf nutrient concentrations to represent those in soils. It remains unknown how nutrient resorption responds to natural soil-nutrient concentrations at a global scale. The effects of plant functional groups, climatic conditions, and soil nutrients and their interactions on leaf nutrient resorption are also unknown. In this study, we established a global database derived from 85 published papers, including 547 reports of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency (NRE and PRE), climatic factors (LAT, latitude; MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation) and soil-nutrient data (STN, soil total nitrogen; STP, soil total phosphorus) across 111 research sites. The results demonstrated that mean NRE and PRE were 48.4 and 53.3%, respectively. NRE of trees was lower than those of shrubs. NRE and PRE of coniferous species were both higher than those of broad-leaved species. Evergreen species had higher PRE than did deciduous species. NRE was negatively related to STN, but PRE and STP were not related. Both NRE and PRE decreased with increasing MAT and MAP but increased with increasing LAT. Plant functional groups, climate and soil nutrients jointly explained 22 and 32% of the variations in NRE and PRE, respectively. It is important to note that climate (especially MAT) explained 12 and 29% of the variations in NRE and PRE, respectively, implying that continuing global warming will exert an increasingly profound influence on plant nutrient cycles.

Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus resorption of woody species in response to climatic conditions and soil nutrients: a meta-analysis

Nutrient resorption plays an important role in ecology because it has a profound effect on subsequent plant growth. However, our current knowledge about patterns of nutrient resorption, particularly among herbaceous species, at a global scale is still inadequate. Here, we present a meta-analysis using a global dataset of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption efficiency encompassing 227 perennial herbaceous species. This analysis shows that the N and P resorption efficiency (NRE and PRE, respectively), and N:P resorption ratios (NRE:PRE) across all herbaceous plant groups are 59.4%, 67.5%, and 0.89, respectively. Across all species, NRE, PRE, and NRE:PRE, exhibited different patterns along climatic and soil nutrient gradients. i.e., NRE decreases with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP) and soil N, PRE increases with aridity index (AI) but decreases with MAP and soil P, and NRE:PRE decreases with increasing potential evapotranspiration (PET), AI, and soil N:P. NRE, PRE, and NRE:PRE also differed betweenin functional species group (graminoids vs. forbs). Soil nutrient level was the largest contributor to the total variations in NRE, PRE, and NRE:PRE, while climate and herbaceous types had relatively smaller effects on NRE, PRE, and NRE:PREspecies groups and soil nutrient levels. Collectively, these trends can inform attempts to model biogeochemical cycling at a global scale.

/pdf/global-data-analysis-shows-that-soil-nutrient-levels-4rejs6b3x9.pdf

Global Data Analysis Shows That Soil Nutrient Levels Dominate Foliar Nutrient Resorption Efficiency in Herbaceous Species.

Background: The relations of alcohol consumption and gene expression remain to be elucidated in large study samples. Objectives: To study the relationship between alcohol consumption, gene expression, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods: We performed cross-sectional association analysis of whole blood derived gene expression levels with alcohol consumption in 5,531 Framingham Heart Study (FHS) participants (mean age 55 years; 54% women) by splitting the sample into a discovery sample and a replication sample (2:1 ratio) using independent pedigrees. We also examined the cross-sectional association of alcohol-associated genes with three CVD risk factors: obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Linear mixed models or generalized estimation equations were used to quantify associations accounting for familial relationship and multiple covariates. Results: We identified 25 alcohol-associated genes (false discovery rate < 0.05 in the discovery sample and Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05 in the replication sample). We further showed cross-sectional associations of 16 alcohol-associated genes with obesity, nine genes with hypertension, and eight genes with diabetes (all P < 0.002). For example, we observed decrease in expression of PROK2 ({beta} = -0.0018; 95%CI: -0.0021, -0.0007; P = 6.5e-5) and PAX5 ({beta} = -0.0014; 95%CI: -0.0021, -0.0007; P = 6.5e-5) per 1 g/day increase in alcohol consumption. Consistent with our previous observation on the inverse association of alcohol consumption with obesity and positive association of alcohol consumption with hypertension, we found that PROK2 was positively associated with obesity (OR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.17, 1.72; P = 4.5e-4) and PAX5 was negatively associated with hypertension (OR = 0.73; 95%CI: 0.59, 0.89; P = 1.6e-3). We also observed that alcohol consumption was positively associated with expression of ABCA13 ({beta} = 0.0012; 95%CI: 0.0007, 0.0017; P = 1.3e-6) and ABCA13 was positively associated with diabetes (OR = 2.57; 95%CI: 1.73, 3.84; P = 3.5e-06); this finding, however, was inconsistent with our observation on the inverse association between alcohol consumption and diabetes. Conclusions: We observed that alcohol consumption was associated with whole blood expression levels of 25 genes in middle aged to older adults in the FHS. In addition, complex relationships may exist between alcohol-associated genes and CVD risk factors.

Blood transcriptomic biomarkers of alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Framingham Heart Study

Mitochondria are the primary organelle to generate cellular energy. Our group and others have reported that lower mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA CN) is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes (CVD) and higher LDL levels. However, the causal relationship between mtDNA CN and CVD remains to be studied. Here we performed cross-sectional and prospective association analyses of blood-derived mtDNA CN and CVD outcomes in up to 27,316 participants from different racial/ethnic groups with whole genome sequencing. We validated most of the previously reported associations but effect sizes were smaller in this study. For example, one SD unit decrease in mtDNA CN was significantly associated with 1.08-fold (95% CI, 1.04, 1.12; P=1.7E-04) hazard for developing incident coronary heart disease (CHD) adjusting for age, sex and race/ethnicity. We conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore causal relationships between mtDNA CN, LDL, and CHD. Bi-directional univariable MR analyses provided strong evidence indicating higher LDL level is causally associated with lower mtDNA CN, and CHD was weakly associated with lower mtDNA CN. We found no evidence supporting a causal association for lower mtDNA CN with higher CHD risk or higher LDL. In multivariable MR, no associations were observed between mtDNA CN and CHD controlling for LDL level (P =0.92), whereas strong evidence for a direct causal effect was found for higher LDL on lower mtDNA CN, adjusting for CHD status (P =8.3E-10). Findings from this study indicate high LDL underlies the complex relationships between vascular atherosclerosis and lower mtDNA CN.

/pdf/the-association-between-mitochondrial-dna-copy-number-low-3p55d2g6.pdf

The association between mitochondrial DNA copy number, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease risk

The variation in nutrient resorption has been studied at different taxonomic levels and geographic ranges. However, the variable traits of nutrient resorption at the individual species level across its distribution are poorly understood. We examined the variability and environmental controls of leaf nutrient resorption of Quercus variabilis, a widely distributed species of important ecological and economic value in China. The mean resorption efficiency was highest for phosphorus (P), followed by potassium (K), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), magnesium (Mg) and carbon (C). Resorption efficiencies and proficiencies were strongly affected by climate and respective nutrients concentrations in soils and green leaves, but had little association with leaf mass per area. Climate factors, especially growing season length, were dominant drivers of nutrient resorption efficiencies, except for C, which was strongly related to green leaf C status. In contrast, green leaf nutritional status was the primary controlling factor of leaf nutrient proficiencies, except for C. Resorption efficiencies of N, P, K and S increased significantly with latitude, and were negatively related to growing season length and mean annual temperature. In turn, N, P, K and S in senesced leaves decreased with latitude, likely due to their efficient resorption response to variation in climate, but increased for Mg and did not change for C. Our results indicate that the nutrient resorption efficiency and proficiency of Q. variabilis differed strongly among nutrients, as well as growing environments. Our findings provide important insights into understanding the nutrient conservation strategy at the individual species level and its possible influence on nutrient cycling.

Biogeographic patterns of nutrient resorption from Quercus variabilis Blume leaves across China.

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Blood transcriptomic biomarkers of alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Framingham Heart Study

The association between mitochondrial DNA copy number, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease risk

Biogeographic patterns of nutrient resorption from Quercus variabilis Blume leaves across China.