Zinc oxide, an important semiconducting and piezoelectric material, has three key characteristics. First, it is a semiconductor, with a direct bandgap of 3.37 eV and a large excitation binding energy (60 meV), and exhibits near-UV emission and transparent conductivity. Secondly, due to its non-centrosymmetric symmetry, it is piezoelectric, which is a key phenomenon in building electro-mechanical coupled sensors and transducers. Finally, ZnO is bio-safe and bio-compatible, and can be used for biomedical applications without coating. With these unique advantages, ZnO is one of the most important nanomaterials for integration with microsystems and biotechnology. Structurally, due to the three types of fastest growth directions— , , and —as well as the ±(0001) polar surfaces, a diverse group of ZnO nanostructures have been grown in our laboratory. These include nanocombs, nanosaws, nanosprings, nanorings, nanobows, and nanopropellers. This article reviews our recent progress in the synthesis and characterization of polar-surface-induced ZnO nanostructures, their growth mechanisms, and possible applications as sensors, transducers, and resonators. It is suggested that ZnO could be the next most important nanomaterial after carbon nanotubes.

Semiconducting and Piezoelectric Oxide Nanostructures Induced by Polar Surfaces

Zinc-indium-tin oxide (ZITO) is a potential replacement for the currently used tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) as a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) for optoelectronic devices. At the present time ITO is the material of choice for the TCO layer, but the increasing cost of indium metal and the advent of new technologies will require alternative TCOs. Over the past 15 years, bulk and thin film studies have been amassed that report the electrical and optical properties of various ZITO compositions. This review will examine the reported data and demonstrate that the bulk subsolidus phase diagram can act as a guide to understanding the numerous and varied results reported for thin films.

Transparent Conducting Oxides in the ZnO-In2O3-SnO2 System

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanobelts, and nanorods, are attracting a great deal of research interest due to their unique properties and novel applications. Structure an...

Structure Analysis of Nanowires and Nanobelts by Transmission Electron Microscopy

The structures and binding enthalpies of a variety of gas-phase divalent magnesium ion hydrates containing up to 18 water molecules have been studied computationally. Second-order Moller−Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory and B3LYP hybrid density functional theory, using large basis sets containing both (multiple) polarization and diffuse functions, were employed. A comparison with experimental data is made by use of information on 36 Mg[H2O]62+ crystal structures listed in the Cambridge Structural Database. Computational studies indicate that Mg[H2O]52+ and Mg[H2O]62+ complexes with all the water molecules in the inner coordination sphere are lower in energy than structures with one or two of the water molecules placed in the second coordination sphere; these energy differences are larger for MP2 than for B3LYP calculations, when the same basis set is employed. Hydrated magnesium environments in crystal structures confirm the stability of the Mg[H2O]62+ grouping. A new model of a divalent magnesium ion co...

The Arrangement of First- and Second-Sphere Water Molecules in Divalent Magnesium Complexes: Results from Molecular Orbital and Density Functional Theory and from Structural Crystallography

http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/paper/2009/micron_335.pdf

Structures of planar defects in ZnO nanobelts and nanowires.

Relation between In ion ordering and crystal structure variation in homologous compounds InMO3(ZnO)m (M = Al and In; m = integer)

The structure of InMO 3 (ZnO) m (M = In. Fe, Ga, and Al; m = integer) is built from InO 2 1- (In-O) and MZn m O m-1 1m (M/Zn-O) layers stacked alternately. A modulated structure of these compounds results from the ordering of M ions in the M/Zn-O layers. The modulated structures of InMO 3 (ZnO) 13 (M = In 0.5 A 0.5 ; A = Fe. Ga, and Al), a solid solution of InInO 3 (ZnO) 13 and InMO 3 (ZnO) 13 (M = Fe, Ga, and Al), have been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. The main and satellite spots of the electron diffraction patterns are indexed as ha * + kb * + lc * + mq by using the four dimensional superspace group approach. Based on the crystal system of the basic structure and the modulation wave vector q. the electron diffraction patterns are classified according to three categories with typical parameters: (1) monoclinic unit cell of a - 0.57 nm, b = 0.33 nm, c = 4.0 nm, β = 93°, and q = b * /18.1; (2) monoclinic unit cell of a = 0.57 nm, b = 0.33 nm, c = 4.0 nm, β = 93°, and q - b * /22.5 + c * /2; (3) triclinic unit cell of a - 0.57 nm, b = 0.33 nm, c = 4.0 nm. α = 95°, β = 95°, γ = 30°, and q = a * /12.1 + b * /18.1 + c * /32.3. Among these, the first is the same as that of their constituent compounds In 2 O 3 (ZnO) 13 and InMO 3 (ZnO) 13 (M = Fe, and Ga), while the second and the third are different. In high-resolution image, the modulated structure appears as zig-zag contrast within the M/Zn-O layers. The periodicity of this zig-zag contrast along the M/Zn-O layer in InMO 3 (ZnO) 13 (M = In 0.5 A 0.5 ; A = Fe. Ga. and Al) is between those of InInO 3 (ZnO) 13 and InMO 3 (ZnO) 13 (M = Fe, Ga, and Al).

High-resolution electron microscopy of a modulated structure in InMO3(ZnO)m (M = In, Fe, Ga, and Al; m = integer) : Effect of solid solution formation

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Relation between In ion ordering and crystal structure variation in homologous compounds InMO3(ZnO)m (M = Al and In; m = integer)

High-resolution electron microscopy of a modulated structure in InMO3(ZnO)m (M = In, Fe, Ga, and Al; m = integer) : Effect of solid solution formation