Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) exploit the large index difference between air and glass to achieve modal properties unattainable by conventional fiber techniques.

Control of dispersion in photonic crystal fibers

We report multiple beam transmission and reception of an X-band phased antenna array utilizing highly dispersive photonic crystal fiber (PCF), which has a dispersion value of - 600 ps/nm/km at 1550 nm, as true-time-delay (TTD) elements. In the transmission mode, two RF signals with frequencies 8.4 and 12 GHz are simultaneously steered at angles 7.4 and 21.2 degrees, respectively. In the receiving mode experiment, two RF signals with frequencies 8.4 and 12 GHz impinging upon an X-band antenna array from angles -7.4 and -21.2 degrees, respectively, are detected and the angles of arrival are determined accurately. Many RF beams can be simultaneously transmitted or received. The demonstration is only limited by the hardware availability and the bandwidth of the wavelength differentiation capability of the system.

http://chen-server.mer.utexas.edu/2008/Multiple%20beam%20tx%20and%20rx.pdf

Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based True-Time-Delay Beamformer for Multiple RF Beam Transmission and Reception of an X-Band Phased-Array Antenna

In this paper the idea of double-coupled cavity waveguides is introduced. The cavities used in this paper support two orthogonal degenerate resonance modes. These cavities are coupled together both horizontally and vertically. The obtained matrix of cavities introduces many interesting properties for design of photonic crystal devices such as phase shifters and gates. As an application, it is shown that the coupled matrix of cavities can be used for design of ultra-compact slow-light photonic crystal optical delay lines. Finite difference time domain method and plane wave expansion method are used to analyze the structures.

Photonic crystal double-coupled cavity waveguides and their application in design of slow-light delay lines

A multiple-beam optical beamformer based on highly dispersive photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) is presented Each radio-frequency (RF) beam can be independently controlled to steer continuously The dispersion of the fabricated PCFs is as high as -600 ps/nmldrkm at 1550 nm Simultaneous two-beam transmission is demonstrated using two lasers with different optical wavelengths The two wavelengths generate two independent sets of time delays, which correspond to two independent RF beams

Photonic Crystal Fiber Beamformer for Multiple $X$ -Band Phased-Array Antenna Transmissions

The impact of group delay ripples of chirped fiber gratings (CFG) on the performance of optical beamforming networks (OBFN) is investigated. The paper theoretically analyzes the quantified relations among the amplitude and period of CFG, the optical angle frequency interval at the inter-element arrays and the beampointing shift. The wavelength instability of the optical source is also investigated. This instability-induced phase jitter of RF signal has been verified experimentally. The theoretical models are proposed to analyze the performance of CFG-based OBFN systems.

Impact of group delay ripples of chirped fiber grating on optical beamforming networks

Tunable optical true time-delay modules based on highly dispersive photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are demonstrated to provide continuous radio-frequency squint-free beam scanning for an X-band (8-12 GHz) phased array antenna system. The dispersion of the fabricated PCF is as high as -600 ps/nm /spl middot/ km at 1550 nm. The time delay is continuously tunable from -31 to 31 ps between adjacent delay lines by tuning the laser wavelength continuously from 1528 to 1560 nm. The far field radiation patterns of a 1/spl times/4 subarray were measured from -45/spl deg/ to 45/spl deg/ scanning angles. Squint-free operation is experimentally confirmed.

http://chen-server.mer.utexas.edu/GroupPapers/Dispersion-Enhanced%20Photonic%20Crystal%20Fiber%20Array%20for%20a%20True%20Time-Delay%20Structured$X$-Band%20Phased%20Array%20Antenna.pdf

Dispersion-enhanced photonic crystal fiber array for a true time-delay structured X-band phased array antenna

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Dispersion-enhanced photonic crystal fiber array for a true time-delay structured X-band phased array antenna