Review of technological design options for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)

Coloured Building Integrated Photovoltaics: Influence on Energy Efficiency

We introduce a photonic color concept for integrated photovoltaic modules. Taking up the inspiration from the Morpho butterfly with its brightly colored wings, we developed this photonic concept further to achieve an improved angular independent color effect, suitability for module integration, and compatibility with industrial production processes, while maintaining high module efficiencies. We demonstrate the steps that lead to the optimized photonic structure and explain the underlying optical effects. Using the data from demonstrator modules, we show the outstanding performance in terms of module efficiency and color stability. A power output for the MorphoColor modules of more than 94% compared to the reference module power is shown.

/pdf/the-morphocolor-concept-for-colored-photovoltaic-modules-3dpcaroqih.pdf

The MorphoColor Concept for Colored Photovoltaic Modules

Building-integrated photovoltaics is a crucial technology for developing zero-energy buildings and sustainable cities, while great efforts are required to make photovoltaic (PV) panels aesthetically pleasing. This places an urgent demand on PV colorization technology that has a low impact on power conversion efficiency (PCE) and is simultaneously mass-producible at a low cost. To address this challenge, this study contributes a colorization strategy for solar PVs based on short-range correlated dielectric microspheres, i.e., photonic glass. Through theoretical studies, first we demonstrate that the photonic glass self-assembled by high-index microspheres could enable both colored solar cells and modules, with easily variable colors and negligible parasitic absorption. By a fast spray coating process of colloidal monodisperse ZnS microspheres, we show the photonic glass layer could be easily deposited on silicon solar cells, enabling them to have structural colors. Through varying microsphere sizes, solar cells with different colors are achieved, showing low PCE loss compared to normal black cells. These colored solar cells are also encapsulated with a general lamination process to produce PV modules with various colors and patterns at a stunning PCE approaching 21%. Moreover, the long-term stability is subsequently verified by aging tests including an outdoor exposure for 10 days and a damp-heat test for 1000 h, and the mass producibility is demonstrated by presenting a colored PV panel with an output power over 108 W. These results confirm photonic glass as a promising strategy for colored PVs possessing high efficiency and practical applicability.

pdf/high-efficiency-mass-producible-and-colored-solar-i4qrdqioaz.pdf

High-Efficiency, Mass-Producible, and Colored Solar Photovoltaics Enabled by Self-Assembled Photonic Glass.

We propose a new integrated photovoltaic module technology and manufacturing process for the seamless integration into box body roofs of commercial trucks to unlock a 90.2 GW potential in the EU. Our approach is to laminate c-Si photovoltaic cells with an ETFE-top cover onto conventional GFRP-hard-foam sandwich elements, which can be directly installed with conventional box body profiles. We find that VIPV modules must be lead-free and report results of Hot-Spot, Wet-leakage test and insulation tests to prove the electrical safety of the new concept. We perform UV, DH and accelerated TC testing on minimodules and find a mean PMPP drop of 3.6% for PERC, ribbon soldered half-cell modules after accelerated TC200 due to finger failure and partial ribbon disconnections. We conclude that conventional soldered ribbon based interconnection in combination with polymer based cover materials lead to unfavorable thermomechanical stresses in TC. We propose the usage of interconnection technologies that are less sensitive to thermomechanical stresses like Multiwire or shingling as we find that the mean drop in PMPP of shingle modules to be 1%. PERC Solar cells encapsulated using the proposed module design remain stable after DH1000 and UV 60 kWh/m2. We equipped a Mega electronics e-Worker with a photovoltaic active box body featuring the first generation of proposed module technology and reported initial monitoring results after 10 months of outdoor operation.

Integrated Lightweight, Glass-Free PV Module Technology for Box Bodies of Commercial Trucks

We provide a general overview on vehicle integrated photovoltaics (VIPV) for passenger cars. Historic examples are reviewed to demonstrate that VIPV can provide an economic benefit due to the current and unique setting of very low solar cell costs and ambitious goals for electric vehicles. Subsequently, four guiding questions are addressed: 1. Which benefits are offered by VIPV, 2. Which potential costs are related to VIPV, 3. What are the challenges of VIPV and 4. What is the future potential of VIPV? It is shown that with a typical roof (1.7 – 2 m2) of a car equipped with solar cells, a solar driving distance of up to 1900-3400 km/year can be achieved and the cost for manufacturing such a solar module is estimated to be below 120 €/piece. Furthermore, using the full potential of solar integration in cars, a solar driving distance in the range of the yearly average driving distance of passenger cars in Germany (15,000 km/a) could be theoretically covered by VIPV.

Potential and Challenges of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaics for Passenger Cars

Decorated Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Modules: Power Loss, Color Appearance and Cost Analysis

Power Loss through Decorative Elements in the Front Glazing of BIPV Modules

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Papers

Potential and Challenges of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaics for Passenger Cars

Decorated Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Modules: Power Loss, Color Appearance and Cost Analysis

Power Loss through Decorative Elements in the Front Glazing of BIPV Modules