▪ Abstract This chapter presents an experimental overview of collective flow phenomena in heavy-ion collisions in the incident energy regime from 100 AMeV to 160 AGeV. The characteristic features of various types of flow are described. The discussion of common dependences on the collision system and bombarding energy focuses on the different time scales of the underlying physics processes. Special emphasis is placed on the presence of structures in the excitation functions. The sensitivity of the available data to changes of nuclear-matter properties, e.g. equation of state, medium effects, and phase transitions, is discussed.

Collective flow in heavy-ion collisions

Systematics of central heavy ion collisions in the 1A GeV regime

Systematics of azimuthal asymmetries in heavy ion collisions in the 1AGeV regime

We present new experimental data on directed flow in collisions of Au+Au, Xe+CsI and Ni+Ni at incident energies from 90 to 400A MeV. We study the centrality and system dependence of integral and differential directed flow for particles selected according to charge. All the features of the experimental data are compared with Isospin Quantum Molecular Dynamics (IQMD) model calculations in an attempt to extract information about the nuclear matter equation of state (EoS). We show that the combination of rapidity and transverse momentum analysis of directed flow allow to disentangle various parametrizations in the model. At 400A MeV, a soft EoS with momentum dependent interactions is best suited to explain the experimental data in Au+Au and Xe+CsI, but in case of Ni+Ni the model underpredicts flow for any EoS. At 90A MeV incident beam energy, none of the IQMD parametrizations studied here is able to consistently explain the experimental data.

Directed flow in Au+Au, Xe+CsI, and Ni+Ni collisions and the nuclear equation of state

Out-of-plane emission of nuclear matter in Au+Au collisions between 100 and 800 AMeV

Sideward flow in Au + Au collisions at 400 A.MeV

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Sideward flow in Au + Au collisions at 400 A.MeV