Mulberry belonging to the Genus Morus is extensively grown in South India where most of the sericulture industry is concentrated .Mulberry the main food sourse of silkworm Bombyx mori.L is a perennial plant. Since mulberry leaf is available throughout the year, it makes the plant prone to various diseases and pests. Various pathogens like fungi, bacteria,viruses and nematode cause diseases in mulberry. Among the pests few sap suckers and defoliators are considered to be major as they cause extensive damage to the mulberry. These diseases and pests cause around 12-25% leaf yield loss either by depletion in nutritive value or defoliation. Feeding these inferior quality leaf adversely affect the silkworm growth and finally the silk industry. To manage or control these diseases and pests a number of management strategies are followed which include physical, chemical and biological methods. Among these synthetic chemicals are commonly used and which are more effective , but continuous usage of chemicals cause environmental pollution resulting in adverse effects on soil flora,fauna and also human health due to residual toxicity. But many times the situation forces the farmer to depend on these synthetic chemicals which are not only costly but also unsafe on environment. So, there is a great need to think of environmentally safe methods for managing pests and diseases . In this review cum case study paper an attempt was made to discuss in brief about various disease and pests of mulberry and their management techniques and highlighting the important ecofriendly management strategies, their merits and demerits.This review cum research article will elucidates the research conducted on disease and pests and their management strategies in mulberry for better quality leaf production .

/pdf/ecofriendly-technologies-for-disease-and-pest-management-in-555a6q7s66.pdf

Ecofriendly Technologies for Disease and Pest Management in Mulberry-A Review

Accepted : December, 2009 Nutritional quality of leaves play vital role in the robust growth of silkworm larvae and improving the commercial characters of cocoon as well as in their reproductive performance (Li and Sano, 1987). All the nutrients in balanced proportion are necessary for the healthy growth of silkworm larvae and production of robust cocoons. Diseases play an important role in reducing the nutritional quality of leaf. Diseases interfere with plant biochemical processes occurring in the leaves and in one or more ways with the physiological functions of the plant resulting in severe loss in yield and quality (Philip, 1991). Several reports are available on the post infectional physiological and biochemical changes in various plants in response to the attack of various diseases (Philip et al., 2009). No such reports are available on the tapioca leaves infected by cassava mosaic virus.

Cassava mosaic virus induced physio-biochemical changes in the leaves of tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl.).

Silk is a high-value, low-volume product, produced by an important insect commonly known as the silkworm. Sericulture serves as a source of livelihood for farmers besides being an important source of economy for many countries including India. Sustainable production of premium silk depends on continuous production of quality foliage as feed for silkworms obtained from host plants. The production of silk is significantly hampered when host plants are subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses. The foliage harvest could be enhanced when these constraints are efficiently managed by the development of stress-resistant host cultivars. Improved stress-resistant cultivars have been developed using conventional breeding strategies and used in commercial cultivation. However, the highly heterozygous genetic nature of the hosts makes it difficult to understand the inheritance and expression of these quantitative traits. Adoption of appropriate conventional breeding strategies along with genomics tools such as genome-wide association studies, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and advanced OMICS approaches could prove handy in the development of improved and stress-resistant cultivars. Deeper understanding of the mechanism of tolerance to various stress is required in breeding for improved cultivars. The number of stress-tolerant cultivars is scanty and therefore, holistic management of these stresses through an inter-disciplinary approach could be the most suitable strategy. Adoption of appropriate cultural practices and control measures is necessary for sustainable production under stress regimes. This comprehensive review holds great importance in improving silkworm host cultivation and to researchers in the field of sericulture. 

Genomic assisted breeding and holistic management of abiotic and biotic stress in silkworm host cultivation: A review

Outbreaks of root rot disease in the productive South Indian sericulture belt have threatened the sustainability of the industry. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. causing charcoal rot is the predominant pathogen to which all productive mulberry cultivars are susceptible. The present study was undertaken to identify molecular markers associated with charcoal rot resistance in mulberry. A mapping panel comprising 214 diverse entries from the Indian germplasm collection was assessed for charcoal rot resistance by artificial inoculation. Resistance to the pathogen was observed in 20 entries, and 51 were found to be moderately resistant. A total of 773 alleles generated across 105 SSR loci and 20,384 AFLP markers generated using 32 EcoRI-NN and MseI-CNN primer combinations were used in genetic analysis. The panel was weakly structured with two subpopulations. However, most entries were found to be admixtures. Survival of cuttings and number of roots per sapling were associated with root rot resistance. Association mapping was performed using different linear mixed models. Five AFLP markers explaining 9.6-12.7% of the total phenotypic variance were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) associated with root rot resistance. Significant associations were also detected in four AFLP markers for survival of cuttings, and these markers explained 10.7-14.2% of the total phenotypic variance. These markers should be validated using mapping populations derived from contrasting biparental combinations by linkage analysis for use in marker-assisted gene pyramiding for durable resistance. The resistant genotypes identified in this study will substantially contribute to genetic improvement of mulberry for charcoal rot resistance and can be integrated into conventional breeding programmes.

/pdf/association-mapping-of-quantitative-resistance-to-charcoal-5ndecoq7yp.pdf

Association mapping of quantitative resistance to charcoal root rot in mulberry germplasm.

Post infectional physio-biochemical changes in food plants of silkworm and the effect of feeding diseased leaves on silkworm.

Le murier (Morus spp.), plante hote du ver a soie (Bombyx mori L.) est atteint par de nombreuses maladies foliaires et vehiculees par le sol, provoquees par differents types de pathogenes comme les champignons, les bacteries et les nematodes, qui diminuent le rendement foliaire jusqu'a 20 %, tout en deteriorant la qualite de la feuille. Plusieurs methodes culturales, chimiques et non chimiques (biologiques et integrees) ont ete mises au point pour lutter contre ces maladies. Comme les vers a soie sont tres sensibles aux produits chimiques, leur application necessite une periode de securite avant d'utiliser la feuille. Par ailleurs, les produits chimiques entrainent une pollution environnementale, la contamination des ressources naturelles en eau, nuisent a la microflore benefique du sol et renforcent aussi la resistance aux pathogenes. Il est donc necessaire de passer a des methodes ecologiques pour lutter contre les maladies du murier et un travail de recherche important a ete entrepris sur ces aspects. Nous avons donc essaye de passer en revue les informations disponibles sur la lutte ecologique contre les maladies pour une production de feuilles de qualite chez le murier.

Management of mulberry diseases through eco-friendly approaches: a review

Effect of feeding 'CMV' infected tapioca leaves on the cocoon and grainage parameters of eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval.

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Post infectional physio-biochemical changes in food plants of silkworm and the effect of feeding diseased leaves on silkworm.

Management of mulberry diseases through eco-friendly approaches: a review

Effect of feeding 'CMV' infected tapioca leaves on the cocoon and grainage parameters of eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval.