This research examines the impact of bus degregulation at the level of
the company. It follows a case study approach. The findings are
analysed in the context of contestability theory and organisation theories,
as well as empirical evidence.
The first part of this research views the bus industry in terms of the effects
that the regulatory system has had on the industry's suppliers, and
examines the roots of the legal provisions of the 1985 Transport Act.
The second part focuses on the organisational context. It establishes the
challenges that bus companies face by reference to the pre-1985
situation, and provides an interpretation of strategic responses in the
early post-1985 era. In addition, it introduces the type of strategic options
open to companies operating in declining markets, and outlines a
theoretical organisational framework within which this case's
organisational changes are to be analysed. Finally, the research design
and research methods are presented.
The third part consists of a detailed analysis of the selected case study
company: Midland Fox Limited. It introduces the local market structure
and basic data on the company. The major patterns of corporate
strategy are presented and analysed, and key areas of managerial
activity studied. The competitive behaviour of the company is then
discussed in the context of competitive events that have occurred in the
market.
The fourth and concluding part of this case study research discusses the
most significant issues arising from this investigation in terms of their
implications for future developments in the bus industry.

The impact of deregulation on the UK bus industry at the level of the firm : a case study analysis of strategic change

This research builds on the doctoral dissertation of Philip W. Jeffress, "The Negro [sic] in the Urban Transit Industry". Dr. Jeffress explored the degree to which transit may be an industry in which blacks could expect favorable hiring and promotional practices. Jeffress's research took place in the late 1960s, a few years after the enactment of the Civil Rights and Federal Transit Acts. In his final chapter, he posits that the transit industry will continue to provide employment and advancement opportunities for blacks. As a project of the National Urban Transit Institute, the Center for Urban Transportation Research revisited Jeffress's work and expanded the scope of research to include women and all minority groups recognized as protected classes in federal legislation. The research attempts to measure the degree to which minorities and women have realized favorable employment and advancement opportunities in the transit industry. Data sources include EEO-1 and EEO-4 reports from the transit systems included in Jeffress's original study, a mail survey, and formal telephone and in-person interviews. The EEO reports were used to provide the historical experience of the systems and to measure the labor supply and demand. The mail survey, based on the American Planning Association's 1991 Planners Salary Survey, was used not only to measure salaries, but also to explore perceptions of social equity. The interviews provide additional ethnographic data. The data reveals that the women have made significant gains in the transit industry. Women were previously concentrated in clerical and secretarial positions. The data do suggest, however, that women in management positions are channeled toward human resources or "social service" line positions. The implications of these findings are twofold. First, for the women in these positions, the employment and advancement patterns carry economic and social effects that affect their lives and communities. Second, on a broader level, these employment and advancement practices may not place women in decision making positions within transit agencies. Representation at the decision making levels is important in that women and minorities have the potential to contribute to the quality of service by bringing their perspectives as members of these groups. Failure to include women and minorities in the decision making process ultimately affects the delivery of services perpetuating conditions of economic and social isolation. This research is exploratory. Additional research is needed among all Section 9, 16 (b) (2), and 18 transit recipients. Similar investigation also could be conducted among Health and Human Service transportation providers.

Women in transit: findings from african-americans, other minorities, and women in the transit industry

The article discusses the financial problems considered likely to bring about a change in public transportation in America. It is argued that these current problems should mean the end of outdated institutions and the beginning of new transport systems. Population movement to the suburbs has resulted in either increased mileage necessary on enlarged bus routes, or reduced income on old routes. Equally, private transport is increasingly expensive to operate due to increasing fuel costs and longer commuting distances. Employers have also found that relocating expenses are high and public transport costs tend to limit recruitment. It is considered that the public sector must reduce its financial commitments and gain tighter control over costs. Scarce public resources will need to be focused more carefully on specific attainable objectives. Private citizens will have to adjust to either traditional transport costs or accept co-operative schemes of various forms. (TRRL)

American transportation in transition

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American transportation in transition