Phthalate diesters, widely used in flexible plastics and consumer products, have become prevalent contaminants in the environment. Human exposure is ubiquitous and higher phthalate metabolite concentrations documented in patients using medications with phthalate-containing slow release capsules raises concerns for potential health effects. Furthermore, animal studies suggest that phthalate exposure can modulate circulating hormone concentrations and thus may be able to adversely affect reproductive physiology and the development of estrogen sensitive target tissues. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the epidemiological and experimental animal literature examining the relationship between phthalate exposure and adverse female reproductive health outcomes. The epidemiological literature is sparse for most outcomes studied and plagued by small sample size, methodological weaknesses, and thus fails to support a conclusion of an adverse effect of phthalate exposure. Despite a paucity of experimental animal studies for several phthalates, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that phthalates are reproductive toxicants. However, we note that the concentrations needed to induce adverse health effects are high compared to the concentrations measured in contemporary human biomonitoring studies. We propose that the current patchwork of studies, potential for additive effects and evidence of adverse effects of phthalate exposure in subsequent generations and at lower concentrations than in the parental generation support the need for further study.

/pdf/reproductive-and-developmental-effects-of-phthalate-diesters-390sd5mtmg.pdf

Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate diesters in females.

NTP-CERHR Expert Panel Update on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.

A dose-response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): reproductive effects on adult female offspring rats.

The production of plastic products, which requires phthalate plasticizers, has resulted in the problems for human health, especially that of reproductive health. Phthalate exposure can induce reproductive disorders at various regulatory levels. The aim of this review was to compile the evidence concerning the association between phthalates and reproductive diseases, phthalates-induced reproductive disorders, and their possible endocrine and intracellular mechanisms. Phthalates may induce alterations in puberty, the development of testicular dysgenesis syndrome, cancer, and fertility disorders in both males and females. At the hormonal level, phthalates can modify the release of hypothalamic, pituitary, and peripheral hormones. At the intracellular level, phthalates can interfere with nuclear receptors, membrane receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and modulate gene expression associated with reproduction. To understand and to treat the adverse effects of phthalates on human health, it is essential to expand the current knowledge concerning their mechanism of action in the organism.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6811/pdf

Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates' Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR) conducted an updated evaluation of the potential for DEHP to cause adverse effects on reproduction and development in humans The first CERHR expert panel evaluation of DEHP was completed in 2000 by the Phthalates Expert Panel CERHR selected DEHP for an updated evaluation because of: (1) widespread human exposure, (2) public and government interest in adverse health effects, (3) recently available human exposure studies, and (4) the large number of relevant toxicity papers published since the earlier evaluation DEHP (CAS RN: 117-81-7) is a high production volume chemical used as a plasticizer of polyvinyl chloride in the manufacture of a wide variety of consumer goods, such as building products, car products, clothing, food packaging, children's products (but not in toys intended for mouthing), and in medical devices made of polyvinyl chloride The public can be exposed to DEHP by ingesting food, drink or dust that has been in contact with DEHP-containing materials, by inhaling contaminated air or dust, or by undergoing a medical procedure that uses polyvinyl chloride medical tubing or storage bags It is estimated that the general population of the United States is exposed to DEHP levels ranging from 1 to 30 microg/kg bw/day (micrograms per kilogram body weight per day) The results of this DEHP update evaluation are published in an NTP-CERHR monograph that includes: (1) the NTP Brief, (2) the Expert Panel Update on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of DEHP, and (3) public comments on the expert panel report The NTP reached the following conclusions on the possible effects of exposure to DEHP on human development and reproduction Note that the possible levels of concern, from lowest to highest, are negligible concern, minimal concern, some concern, concern, and serious concern There is serious concern that certain intensive medical treatments of male infants may result in DEHP exposure levels that adversely affect development of the male reproductive tract DEHP exposure from medical procedures in infants was estimated to be as high as 6000 microg/kg bw/day There is concern for adverse effects on development of the reproductive tract in male offspring of pregnant and breast feeding women undergoing certain medical procedures that may result in exposure to high levels of DEHP There is concern for effects of DEHP exposure on development of the male reproductive tract for infants less than one year old Diet, mouthing of DEHP-containing objects, and certain medical treatments may lead to DEHP exposures that are higher than those experienced by the general population There is some concern for effects of DEHP exposure on development of the reproductive tract of male children older than one year As in infants, exposures of children to DEHP may be higher than in the general population There is some concern for adverse effects of DEHP exposure on development of the male reproductive tract in male offspring of pregnant women not medically exposed to DEHP Although DEHP exposures are assumed to be the same as for the general population, the developing male reproductive tract is sensitive to the adverse effects of DEHP There is minimal concern for reproductive toxicity in adults exposed to DEHP at 1 - 30 microg/kg bw/day This level of concern is not altered for adults medically exposed to DEHP NTP will transmit the NTP-CERHR Monograph on DEHP to federal and state agencies, interested parties, and the public and it will be available in electronic PDF format on the CERHR web site http://cerhrniehsnihgov and in printed text or CD-ROM from the CERHR

NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP).

Exposure to cisplatin results in impaired spermatogenesis, azoospermia, and, sometimes, permanent infertility in male patients. The mechanism(s) by which cisplatin induces damage to testicular cells is poorly understood. We previously reported that acute exposure to cisplatin results in elevated germ cell apoptotic rates and that this indicates long-term damage to the seminiferous epithelium. Here, we present data that implicate an injury to Sertoli cells as a possible mechanism to explain an elevated rate of germ cell apoptosis and consequent infertility. Normal adult C57/Bl/6J mice were exposed to 1, 2, or 4 rounds of 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg cisplatin in a regimen designed to resemble clinical chemotherapeutic exposure (1 injection daily for 5 days with a recovery phase of 16 days between cycles). A dose-dependent reduction in testicular weight due to germ cell loss was observed. While exposure to 1 mg/kg caused only temporary germ cell depletion, higher doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) revealed widespread testicular atrophy as evidenced by gaps in the epithelium due to cytoplasmic vacuolization and loss of differentiating germ cells. Although the acute loss of germ cells by apoptosis can result in temporary infertility, the testis has the ability to repopulate itself with mature cells, provided the stem germ cell population remains unharmed. Here, we demonstrate that a sustained disruption of spermatogenesis occurs despite the continued presence of stem spermatogonia in the seminiferous epithelium. These results suggest that cisplatin-induced germ cell loss may occur, in part, as a result of Sertoli cell injury-dependent alterations in germ cell microenvironment.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2005.tb02883.x

Cisplatin-induced long-term failure of spermatogenesis in adult C57/Bl/6J mice.

Death receptor response in rodent testis after mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

C. John Giammona

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Cisplatin-induced long-term failure of spermatogenesis in adult C57/Bl/6J mice.

Death receptor response in rodent testis after mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure