Vol 1: From Creation to evolution geography astronomy from "Signs and Wonders" to law in the heavens from Genesis to geology the antiquity of man, Egyptology, and Assyriology the antiquity of man and prehistoric archaeology the "Fall of Man" and anthropology the "Fall of Man" and ethnology the "Fall of Man" and history from "The Prince of the Power of the Air" to meteorology from magic to chemistry and physics. Vol 2: From miracles to medicine from fetich to hygiene from "Demoniacal Possession" to insanity from diabolism to hysteria from Babel to comparative philology from the Dead Sea legends to comparative mythology from Leviticus to political economy from the Divine Oracles to the higher criticism.

A history of the warfare of science with theology in Christendom, Vol 2 (15th printing).

Before the present century, the primary means of studying animals was observation of the form and effects of their behavior combined with presumption of their intent. In the present century, ethologists continued to emphasize observation of form and replaced presumption of intent with the study of proximate function and evolution. In contrast, most learning psychologists minimized both observation of form and presumption of intent by defining behavior in terms of simple environmental effects and establishing intent by deprivation operations. We discuss advantages of the use of observation in the study of learning, examine arguments that it is unnecessary, irrelevant, and unscientific, and consider some practical considerations in using observation. We conclude that observation of the form of behavior and concern with its ecological function should be an important part of the arsenal of techniques used to study learning.

/pdf/observation-of-behavior-inference-of-function-and-the-study-30nhd898na.pdf

Observation of behavior, inference of function, and the study of learning

Encouragements and constraints in the development of experimental animal behaviour studies in Great Britain since the late nineteenth century

The Sphex story is an anecdote about a female digger wasp that at first sight seems to act quite intelligently, but subsequently is shown to be a mere automaton that can be made to repeat herself endlessly. Dennett and Hofstadter made this story well known and widely influential within the cognitive sciences, where it is regularly used as evidence that insect behavior is highly rigid. The present paper discusses the origin and subsequent empirical investigation of the repetition reported in the Sphex story. The repetition was first observed by Henri Fabre in 1879, and the last empirical study I found was published in 1985. In contrast to the story's clear message, the actual results have always been equivocal: the endless repetition is not standard. In addition, this repetition itself has become a minor aside in the literature on digger wasps when put in the perspective of many other examples of adaptiveness and flexibility. Nevertheless, the story and its message have to this day persevered within the co...

/pdf/the-sphex-story-how-the-cognitive-sciences-kept-repeating-an-3qpctihmky.pdf

The Sphex story: How the cognitive sciences kept repeating an old and questionable anecdote

Let us take a typical case of memory in an animal. Captain Shipp gave an elephant a sandwich of cayenne pepper. He then waited for six weeks before again visiting the animal, and when he went into the stable began to fondle the elephant, as he had previously been accustomed to do. Watching his opportunity, the animal filled his trunk with water, and drenched the captain from head to foot.

Some issues relating animal memory to human memory

The historical development of comparative psychology.

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The historical development of comparative psychology.