Northern Mesopotamia and Syria

THE RULE OF THE MILITARY KING Out of the struggles to regain her independence and her ascendancy over the warlike nations of Western Asia, Egypt during the Eighteenth Dynasty emerged, for the first time in her history, as a predominantly military state under the rule of a king dedicated from early youth to the leadership of his army and navy and to the expansion and consolidation of his empire by force of arms. Elevated while scarcely more than a boy to the rank of commander-in-chief of the armed forces, the heir apparent to the Egyptian throne under Tuthmosis I and his successors devoted a considerable portion of his early years to training himself in the arts of war. Proficiency as an archer, a charioteer, and a ship-handler, achieved under the supervision of his father's veterans, ranked high among the qualifications demanded of the future king and were the accomplishments in which throughout his life he took his greatest pride. Experience in actual combat followed shortly after the young ruler's accession to the throne, an occasion almost invariably seized upon by the princes of Nubia and Asia to revolt against their Egyptian overlord. Following the conquests of Tuthmosis III one or two campaigns usually sufficed to restore order throughout the empire and eliminated the need for further show of force on the part of the pharaoh. Nevertheless, the military point of view remained with the king throughout his reign and profoundly affected the nature of his government and the internal conditions of the land which he governed.

Egypt: internal affairs from tuthmosis i to the death of amenophis iii

Egypt - from the death of Ammenemes III to Seqenenre II

Summary. Nineteen Roman silver objects, mainly from the British Museum's collection, with traces of solder, were examined by microscopy and analysed by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The results are discussed in relation to work on soldered objects from earlier periods and to the contemporary literary sources which are reviewed, and the solder recipes listed. Pliny's recipes for stagnum, a solder for silver, and the evidence of soldering techniques provided by later texts are discussed in detail.



Silver-tin solders and a silver-mercury solder have been identified for the first time, and predate their first appearance in the literature. Experiments were made with tin and silver-tin solders and the results are discussed.

Soldering roman silver plate

The second millennium B.C. remains one of the most poorly known of all of the archaeological periods on the Persian plateau. Older excavations and limited surveys, summarized in several important articles and books, have yielded scattered information about pottery styles and burial practices. The limited nature of this information has encouraged a renewal of field work relating to the second millennium during the past decade. As a result, there is now sufficient new evidence to permit a tentative restructuring of some aspects of the interpretative problems involved, particularly in regard to the western and northern border areas of the plateau. In these areas many of the cultural patterns dating to the early second millennium had their inception in the third millennium, and had disappeared, or had been greatly modified, by the end of the first quarter of the second millennium. Many of the cultural patterns which then developed were in turn terminated in the third quarter of the millennium by the onset of the new ethnic movements and major political changes of the beginning Iron Age. THE LATE THIRD AND EARLY SECOND MILLENNIA B.C. During the late third and early second millennia b.c. the Persian plateau was divided into distinct cultural areas as indicated by the distribution of ceramic tradition: the Gurgan Grey Ware in Gurgan province in the north-east; the Giyān IV–III Painted Ware in eastern Luristān; and, between the two, the Yanik

The archaeological evidence of the second millennium B.C. on the Persian plateau

The strange document here published by permission of the Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British Museum is written with evident care on a perfectly preserved tablet of baked clay measuring in., now numbered 120960. It was acquired from a vendor who seemed to have trustworthy information that it was found at or near Tall ‘Umar, the site of Seleucia on the Tigris, before the beginning of the American excavations there, which is an unexpected provenance in view of the dating by the reign of Gulkishar, who was a king generally supposed to have ruled only over the extreme south of Babylonia, certainly not later than the seventeenth century B.C. This dating is itself not the least interesting feature of the document, for it gives us another text to add to the very few tablets hitherto published of the First Dynasty of the Sea-Land. But what is still more extraordinary about the tablet is that it is unique in the history of chemistry, containing, as it does, the earliest record known of the actual formulae for the making of glazes. Up to the present the earliest extant texts of this kind (also in cuneiform) are from the Royal Library at Nineveh, no older than the seventh century B.C.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F4B01DC7752095019833F30BE77CD2BD/S0021088900020726a.pdf/div-class-title-a-middle-babylonian-chemical-text-div.pdf

A Middle-Babylonian Chemical Text

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A Middle-Babylonian Chemical Text