Hydrogen is considered to be the most viable energy carrier for the future. Producing hydrogen from ethanol steam reforming would not only be environmentally friendly but also would open new opportunities for utilization of renewable resources, which are globally available. This paper reviews the current state of the steam reforming process of ethanol, examines different catalysts, and, finally, makes a comparative analysis. Different catalysts have been used for the steam reforming of ethanol. Depending on the type of catalysts, reaction conditions, and the catalyst preparation method, ethanol conversion and hydrogen production vary greatly. It was observed that Co/ZnO, ZnO, Rh/Al2O3, Rh/CeO2, and Ni/La2O3−Al2O3 performed the best, in regard to the steam reforming of ethanol. Currently, hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming is still in the research and development stage.

Current status of hydrogen production techniques by steam reforming of ethanol : A review

Perovskites as substitutes of noble metals for heterogeneous catalysis: dream or reality.

Heterogeneous gold-based catalysis for green chemistry: low-temperature CO oxidation and propene oxidation.

Catalytic NOx Abatement Systems for Mobile Sources: From Three-Way to Lean Burn after-Treatment Technologies Pascal Granger* and Vasile I. Parvulescu* Unit e de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, UMR CNRS 8181, University of Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, University of Bucharest, Romania, 412 Regina Elisabeta Boulevard, Bucharest 030016, Romania

Catalytic NOx Abatement Systems for Mobile Sources: From Three-Way to Lean Burn after-Treatment Technologies

The surface chemistry of cerium oxide

Using in situ FTIR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, it has been demonstrated that deNOx activity in oxide-based catalysts such as ceria can be correlated to the amount of oxygen vacancies present on the surface of the material These results have been
 correlated to the total amount of exchanged oxygen for ceria-based compounds

Evidence of a lacunar mechanism for deNOx activity in ceria-based catalysts

The storage of NOx under lean conditions has been studied for a Pt/K/Mn/Al2O3-CeO2 catalyst by operando FTIR spectroscopy. We have found that the first step of NOx adsorption is NO oxidation, NO2 being subsequently stored on potassium sites as nitrites; thereafter, nitrites are finally oxidized to nitrates by further NO2 molecules. It has been pointed out that the kinetic of these processes is strongly related to NO oxidation rate, both of them being slow at low temperatures, whereas they proceed faster at high temperatures. Two different periods have been characterized during NOx storage, a first one presenting full consumption of the nitrogen oxides, and a second one where NO and NO2 appear in the gas phase, to finally reach a steady level; the parameters governing the length of these periods are the progressive adsorption of NOx all along the sample and the presence of two different potassium sites, i.e. surface and bulk sites. Finally, the excellent storage properties of the catalyst studied here have been correlated with the presence of a particular phase, which has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Operando FTIR study of NOx storage over a Pt/K/Mn/Al2O3-CeO2 catalyst

Ethyl isocyanate has been introduced on prereduced and preoxidised Ag(2%)/Al2O3 catalysts and on Ag(2%)/SiO2 for comparison at 573 K Its decomposition on preoxidised silica catalyst gives IR bands at 2294 and 2204 cm−1 whereas on prereduced catalyst vibrations at 2294 and 2243 cm−1 are observed The 2294 cm−1 feature is attributed to isocyanates on SiO2 while the 2204 and 2243 cm−1 bands are assigned to AgI–NCO and Ag0–NCO vibrations respectively When alumina replaces silica, we show using isotopic substitutions that the bands observed at 2229 and 2256 cm−1 are characteristic of –NCO groups coordinated on two different sites of alumina

Evidence by in situ FTIR spectroscopy and isotopic effect of new assignments for isocyanate species vibrations on Ag/Al2O3

In situ FT-IR spectroscopy coupled with mass spectrometry have been used to study the mechanism of nitrates formation and reduction over a common Pt–Rh/Ba/Al2O3 NO
 x
 storage catalyst, compared with a different alumina-based compound. The experimental device used consists of a transmission reactor cell (having a very small dead volume) dedicated to the evolution of surface species, and of a mass spectrometer combined with a FT-IR micro-cell for gas analysis, allowing time resolved analysis in stationary and transient conditions. At the first time the nitration properties of the catalysts under a lean flow have been studied in the appropriate temperature window (473–673 K). The dynamics of nitrates formation has been pointed out, as well as the different coordination sites on the compounds surface. Then the catalysts have been alternatively exposed to rich and lean flows very close to the real exhaust composition. This has allowed the identification of reduction pathway, active sites, intermediate species and by-products for NO
 X
 -trap reaction. In particular, we have differentiated the role of the support and of the noble metal in the mechanism, as well as of isocyanate adspecies and ammonia among the detected species. The very high NO
 X
 storage properties and the selectivity (near 100%) in nitrogen of the newly designed catalyst have been pointed out.

Comparison between a Pt-Rh/Ba/Al2O3 and a newly formulated NOX-trap catalysts under alternate lean-rich flows

Car manufacturers use close coupled three way catalysts to reduce cold start emissions. These close coupled catalysts must show long term durability and thermal stability at temperatures higher than 1000 °C. Thus, during the past 10 years, a significant amount of attention has been paid to the design of CeO2-ZrO2 OSC materials with improved surface area, phase and OSC stability. Solid solutions of Ce/Zr mixed oxides are now commonly available on industrial scale. Recent studies have demonstrated that the introduction of rare earth oxides promoters such as La, Pr, Nd, Y, Sm [ENGELHARD WO patent o2 30546; OMG-DMC2 EP Patent 1 181 970; DAIHATSU EP Patent 1 174 174; DELPHI US Patent 6 387 338; ENGELHARD WO Patent 02 22242] or aluminium oxide [TOYOTA EP Patent 1 172 139; Kanzawa et al. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01- 0811] in the Ce/Zr matrix is a very good way to improve the thermal stability and the redox properties of these materials. Positive interactions between PGM and these ‘promoters’ are also claimed. Nevertheless, not only the composition but the optimization of the manufacturing processes is a key factor to obtain both high thermal stability (expressed as surface area and XRD phase purity) and OSC. To meet the increasingly stringent emission limits, Rhodia has developed a new generation of CeZr based mixed oxides. These materials show phase stability and thermal stability at temperatures higher than 1100 °C in a wide composition range: from Zr-rich to Ce-rich mixed oxides. These characteristics have been obtained with a new manufacturing process which leads to highly porous materials. The controlled morphology at microscopic and macroscopic scale prevents particle sintering under severe ageing conditions. Such materials are preferred PGM supports for cost effective catalysts with low PGM loadings.

From Zr-rich to Ce-rich: thermal stability of OSC materials on the whole range of composition

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