How to effectively utilize low and medium temperature energy is one of the solutions to alleviate the energy shortage and environmental pollution problems. In the past twenty years, because of its feasibility and reliability, organic Rankine cycle has received widespread attentions and researches. In this paper, it reviews the selections of working fluids and expanders for organic Rankine cycle, including an analysis of the influence of working fluids' category and their thermodynamic and physical properties on the organic Rankine cycle's performance, a summary of pure and mixed working fluids' screening researches for organic Rankine cycle, a comparison of pure and mixture working fluids' applications and a discussion of all types of expansion machines' operating characteristics, which would be beneficial to select the optimal working fluid and suitable expansion machine for an effective organic Rankine cycle system.

A review of working fluid and expander selections for organic Rankine cycle

An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) machine is similar to a conventional steam cycle energy conversion system, but uses an organic fluid such as refrigerants and hydrocarbons instead of water. In recent years, research was intensified on this device as it is being progressively adopted as premier technology to convert low-temperature heat resources into power. Available heat resources are: solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass products, surface seawater, and waste heat from various thermal processes. This paper presents existing applications and analyzes their maturity. Binary geothermal and binary biomass CHP are already mature. Provided the interest to recover waste heat rejected by thermal devices and industrial processes continue to grow, and favorable legislative conditions are adopted, waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycle systems in the near future will experience a rapid growth. Solar modular power plants are being intensely investigated at smaller scale for cogeneration applications in buildings but larger plants are also expected in tropical or Sahel regions with constant and low solar radiation intensity. OTEC power plants operating mainly on offshore installations at very low temperature have been advertised as total resource systems and interest on this technology is growing in large isolated islands.

Low­grade heat conversion into power using organic Rankine cycles - A review of various applications

Performance comparison and parametric optimization of subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and transcritical power cycle system for low-temperature geothermal power generation

The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is commonly accepted as a viable technology to convert low temperature heat into electricity. Furthermore, ORCs are designed for unmanned operation with little maintenance. Because of these excellent characteristics, several ORC waste heat recovery plants are already in operation. Although the basic ORC is gradually adopted into industry, the need of increased cost-effectiveness persists. Therefore, a next logical step is the development of new ORC architectures. Even though there has been a strong renaissance towards ORC research in the last decade, ORC architectures have received relatively little attention. Several barriers can be listed. First, there is the difficulty in assessing the additional complexity of the system. While several advanced cycle designs appear promising from a thermodynamic viewpoint, it is not clear that these represent viable economic solutions. Secondly, there is a lack of experimental data from open literature. Additionally, there is the challenge of coping with various boundary conditions from literature, which makes an objective comparison difficult. In this article an overview is presented of ORC architectures. The performance evaluation criteria and boundary conditions are clearly stated. As well, an overview of the available experimental data is given.

Review of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) architectures for waste heat recovery

This paper presents an overview of the technical and economic aspects, as well as the market evolution of the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). This is an unconventional but very promising technology for the conversion of thermal energy, at low and medium temperatures, into electrical and/or mechanical energy on a small scale. As it makes a greater and/or more intensive use of its energy source, this technology could facilitate an electricity supply to unconnected areas, the self-production of energy, the desalination of seawater for human consumption, or even to increase the energy efficiency in the industrial sector respecting the environment. A look at the scientific publications on this topic shows an open research line, namely the selection of a suitable working fluid for these systems, since there is as yet none that provides all aspects that must be taken into account in ORCs. Furthermore, a description and an analysis of the applications of the proposed technology is carried out, specifying the main providers, which at the present time is limited mainly to the range 0.2–2 MWe with a cost of around 1 and 4 × 103 €/kWe. Lower powers are in pre-commercial status.

A technical, economical and market review of organic Rankine cycles for the conversion of low-grade heat for power generation

A study of organic working fluids on system efficiency of an ORC using low-grade energy sources

Utilizing the building envelope for power generation and conservation

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A study of organic working fluids on system efficiency of an ORC using low-grade energy sources

Utilizing the building envelope for power generation and conservation