Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, account for much of the impaired functioning associated with the disorder and are not responsive to existing treatments. In this review, we first describe the clinical presentation and natural history of these deficits. We then consider aetiological factors, highlighting how a range of similar genetic and environmental factors are associated with both cognitive function and schizophrenia. We then review the pathophysiological mechanisms thought to underlie cognitive symptoms, including the role of dopamine, cholinergic signalling and the balance between GABAergic interneurons and glutamatergic pyramidal cells. Finally, we review the clinical management of cognitive impairments and candidate novel treatments. 

/pdf/cognitive-impairment-in-schizophrenia-aetiology-22kkuuwc.pdf

Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment

From cognitive maps to spatial schemas

Abstract Classically the human life-course is characterized by youth, middle age and old age. A wide range of biological, health and cognitive functions vary across this life-course. Here, using reported sleep duration from 730,187 participants across 63 countries, we find three distinct phases in the adult human life-course: early adulthood (19-33yrs), mid-adulthood (34-53yrs), and late adulthood (54+yrs). They appear stable across culture, gender, education and other demographics. During the third phase, where self-reported sleep duration increases with age, cognitive performance, as measured by spatial navigation, was found to have an inverted u-shape relationship with reported sleep duration: optimal performance peaks at 7 hours reported sleep. World-wide self-reported sleep duration patterns are geographically clustered, and are associated with economy, culture, and latitude. 

/pdf/reported-sleep-duration-reveals-segmentation-of-the-adult-507omn06.pdf

Reported sleep duration reveals segmentation of the adult life-course into three phases

http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2589750022001522/pdf

The promise of a model-based psychiatry: building computational models of mental ill health.

Spatial navigation and memory: A review of the similarities and differences relevant to brain models and age

The cultural and geographical properties of the environment have been shown to deeply influence cognition and mental health1-6. Living near green spaces has been found to be strongly beneficial7-11, and urban residence has been associated with a higher risk of some psychiatric disorders12-14-although some studies suggest that dense socioeconomic networks found in larger cities provide a buffer against depression15. However, how the environment in which one grew up affects later cognitive abilities remains poorly understood. Here we used a cognitive task embedded in a video game16 to measure non-verbal spatial navigation ability in 397,162 people from 38 countries across the world. Overall, we found that people who grew up outside cities were better at navigation. More specifically, people were better at navigating in environments that were topologically similar to where they grew up. Growing up in cities with a low street network entropy (for example, Chicago) led to better results at video game levels with a regular layout, whereas growing up outside cities or in cities with a higher street network entropy (for example, Prague) led to better results at more entropic video game levels. This provides evidence of the effect of the environment on human cognition on a global scale, and highlights the importance of urban design in human cognition and brain function. 

/pdf/entropy-of-city-street-networks-linked-to-future-spatial-300kgqld.pdf

Entropy of city street networks linked to future spatial navigation ability

Uncovering the Hippocampal Mechanisms Underpinning Spatial Learning and Flexible Navigation

Predictive representations explain navigation behavior in multigoal environments

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Entropy of city street networks linked to future spatial navigation ability

Uncovering the Hippocampal Mechanisms Underpinning Spatial Learning and Flexible Navigation

Predictive representations explain navigation behavior in multigoal environments