Bioelectric fields may segregate charged components floating in the plasma membranes of cells by a process of electrophoresis along the membrane. Molecules in cell membranes may be sorted to different portions of the cell surface by such electrical gradients. We present here a theory to support this hypothesis.

Electrophoresis along cell membranes

Chapter 3 – Electrokinetic Phenomena

In recent years a number of attempts have been made in several fields of biology to place the taxonomic relationships of species upon a firm physicochemical foundation. As an instance, the work of Mez and his school may be cited (Mez, I922; Hoeffgen, 1922). These investigations have produced the so-called " Sero-diagnostischer Stammbaum" which arranges the families of plants on the basis of their immunological reactions (Mez and Ziegenspeck, I926). Comparison of this " tree " with the taxonomic relationships already established shows that they are in most cases similar or identical. Likewise, it indicates that closely related plants have proteins which differ but slightly in their composition, and as morphologicil relationships become less, protein divergence increases. This work has drawn much criticism from Gilg and Schiirhoff and their group, but later work by Boom (1930) and by Moritz (I928, 1929), who gives a critical review of the literature, has shown that, in the main, Mez' conclusions are sound. By using anaphylactic methods, Moritz (1932) and Moritz and vom Berg (1931) have even been able to analyze the components of the compound antigens used by Mez. The investigations of Avery, Goebel, and Babers (1932) and those of Landsteiner and van der Scheer (I929) have shown that many complex proteins can be formed which differ only in the spatial arrangement of the groups about a single carbon atom. These proteins yield specific antibodies. This indicates that there may be many natural proteins which shade off into one another by slight gradations, yet each one would be characterized by immunological specificity. Wells (1929) has given a more detailed discussion of specificity. In addition to the serological method of investigating protein specificity, there are physical chemical methods such as a comparison of isoelectric points. Protein-coated colloidal particles possess an electric charge, the electrokinetic potential (Freundlich, I922). This can be measured by recording their mobility in an electric field, a method designated as electrophoresis. By varying the pH, the isoelectric point (point of no motion) can be reached. As this point has a definite value for each protein, it may serve as a means for relating and distinguishing proteins or other substances of an amphoteric nature. Also, since the numerical value of the isoelectric point is a function of the ratio

Species Relationships in Euphorbia as Shown by the Electrophoresis of Latex

Chapter 4 – Measurement of Electrokinetic Parameters

Crystalline dimethylolethylcarbamate (DMEC) was isolated, characterized, and used to treat cotton fabrics Physicat and chemical properties of cotton printcloth (80×80) treated with 055 M solution of DMEC in the presence of 003 M inorganic salt catalysts and cured at 160°C were determined Kinetics of the cellulose-DMEC reactions in the presence of 003 M catalysts in the 45° to 65°C temperature range were investigated Specific reaction rate constants and activa tion parameters for these reactions were compared with those values reported previously for the reactions of cotton with dimethylolated ureas 'I'he monomethylol derivative of ethyl carbamate (MMEC) was also isolated in crystalline form and used to treat cotton at 160°C Specific reaction rate constants for the cotton-MMEC reaction at 65°C were deter mined with each of four catalysts and compared with corresponding rate constants for the cotton-DMEC reactions

Kinetics of the Reaction of Cotton with Dimethylolethylcarbamate

In Part I of this communication it was shown that, subject to certain restrictions, the cataphoretic velocity of an insulating cylinder placed broadside on to the applied field should conform to Smoluchowski’s equation U = DXζ/4π η , (1) whereas the assumptions made by Huckel* lead to the result U = DXζ/8π η . (2) This conclusion has been investigated by a method depending on the static deflection of a suspended glass fibre, whose diameter is very great compared with the thickness of the electrical double layer. In principle the method derives from that of Billiter, though the modifications and complications introduced in the effect to make it quantitative are so considerable as to render the technique in effect novel.

Cataphoresis. Part II. A New Experimental Method, and a Confirmation of Smoluchowski's Equation

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Cataphoresis. Part II. A New Experimental Method, and a Confirmation of Smoluchowski's Equation