Dental caries and periodontal disease are associated with oral pathogens. Several plant derivatives have been evaluated with respect to their antimicrobial effects against such pathogenic microorganisms. Lippia sidoides Cham (Verbenaceae), popularly known as "Alecrim-pimenta" is a typical shrub commonly found in the Northeast of Brazil. Many plant species belonging to the genus Lippia yield very fragrant essential oils of potential economic value which are used by the industry for the commercial production of perfumes, creams, lotions, and deodorants. Since the leaves of L. sidoides are also extensively used in popular medicine for the treatment of skin wounds and cuts, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the composition and antimicrobial activity of L. sidoides essential oil. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Twelve compounds were characterized, having as major constituents thymol (56.7%) and carvacrol (16.7%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil and the major components was tested against cariogenic bacterial species of the genus Streptococcus as well as Candida albicans using the broth dilution and disk diffusion assays. The essential oil and its major components thymol and carvacrol exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against the organisms tested with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10.0 mg/mL. The most sensitive microorganisms were C. albicans and Streptococcus mutans. The essential oil of L. sidoides and its major components exert promising antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens and suggest its likely usefulness to combat oral microbial growth.

pdf/antimicrobial-activity-of-the-essential-oil-from-lippia-16dswotxxa.pdf

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens.

Background
Early childhood caries (ECC) describes dental caries affecting children aged 0–71 months Current research suggests ECC has important aetiological bases during the first year of life Gaps in knowledge about disease progression prevent the effective and early identification of ‘at risk’ children

Aim
To conduct a systematic review of research studies focusing on (a) acquisition and colonization of oral bacteria and ECC and (b) risk and/or protective factors in infants aged 0–12 months

Design
Ovid Medline and Embase databases (1996–2011) were searched for RCT, longitudinal, cross‐sectional and qualitative studies Two investigators undertook a quality assessment for risk of bias

Results
Inclusion criteria were met for (a) by four papers and for (b) by 13 papers; five papers were rated medium or high quality Bacterial acquisition/colonization and modifying factor interrelationships were identified, but their role in the caries process was not clarified Key risk indicators were infant feeding practices (nine papers), maternal circumstances and oral health (6) and infant‐related oral health behaviours (4)

Conclusion
This review confirmed that factors occurring during the first year of life affect ECC experience Despite heterogeneity, findings indicated maternal factors influence bacterial acquisition, whereas colonization was mediated by oral health behaviours and practices and feeding habits

A systematic review of risk factors during first year of life for early childhood caries

This paper aims to critically review current knowledge about the key factors involved in oral colonization of the cariogenic group of bacteria, mutans streptococci (MS) in young children. MS, consisting mainly of the species Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are commonly cultured from the mouths of infants, with prevalence of infection ranging from around 30 per cent in 3 month old predentate children to over 80 per cent in 24 month old children with primary teeth. MS is usually transmitted to children through their mothers, and the risk of transmission increases with high maternal salivary levels of MS and frequent inoculation. Factors that affect the colonization of MS may be divided into bacterial virulence, host-related and environmental factors. Complex interaction among these factors determine the success and timing of MS colonization in the child. As clinical studies have shown that caries risk is correlated with age at which initial MS colonization occurred, strategies for the prevention of dental caries should include timely control of colonization of the cariogenic bacteria in the mouths of young children.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2007.tb00471.x

Factors influencing oral colonization of mutans streptococci in young children

Background. Previous studies have suggested that lactobacilli-derived probiotics in dairy products may affect oral ecology, but the effects of different delivery methods have received little attention.



Aim.  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri, delivered by a new medical device, on the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in young women with high Streptococcus mutans counts.



Design.  This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 20 healthy young women (aged 20 years): 10 as subjects and 10 as controls. The study subjects (Group A) sucked the medical device containing the probiotic lozenge with L. reuteri ATCC 55730/L. reuteri ATCC PTA 5289 (1.1 × 108 CFU) once daily for 10 days, while the control subjects (Group B) received placebo medical devices without bacteria. Salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were enumerated with chair-side kits at baseline and 1 day after the final ingestion.



Results.  Salivary S. mutans levels in the probiotic test group were significantly reduced, with statistical significance of reduction (P < 0.05).



Conclusions.  A short-term daily ingestion of lactobacilli-derived probiotics delivered via medical device containing probiotic lozenge reduced the levels of salivary mutans.

A probiotic lozenge administered medical device and its effect on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli

The aim of this study was to examine the colonization of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis in the oral cavity and the association with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). Saliva and plaque samples were collected from 14 S-ECC children and 8 caries-free (CF) children. All S-ECC children were S. mutans positive; 100% of CF children and 93% of S-ECC children were S. sanguinis positive. The children's caries severity was positively correlated with levels of S. mutans (p < 0.001), total oral streptococci (p < 0.01), total cultivable oral bacteria (p < 0.05), and children's age (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the interaction of S. sanguinis with S. mutans was a significant factor associated with the caries status in children, suggesting that the relative levels of these two microorganisms in the oral cavity play an important role in caries development.

/pdf/streptococcus-mutans-and-streptococcus-sanguinis-4yt7aqmtbp.pdf

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis colonization correlated with caries experience in children.

The major route of early acquisition of mutans streptococci in humans is a vertical transmission from mother to child. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the acquisition, distributi

Colonization of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus genotypes and caries development in children to mothers harboring both species.

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Colonization of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus genotypes and caries development in children to mothers harboring both species.