There is actually a common consensus in using biological technologies for the treatment of organic wastes. For instance, composting is used for aerobic biological stabilisation of organic wastes. The amount of materials and the variety of wastes composted are increasing. However, composting is inherently a process generating gaseous emissions. Greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from compost are of special relevance for global warming. Although a part of these gases is inherent to the process, another important part can be abated by low-cost biological technologies such as biofiltration and its variations. This article reviews the emission of GHG from composting gases, from detection and measurement to minimisation and abatement. Special emphasis is given to the measurement of GHG to obtain reliable emission factors for the different composting technologies. These factors will help to compare different waste treatment options based on overall analysis tools such as life cycle assessment. A specific chapter is related to carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the composting matrix, and their consequences on the production of carbon and nitrogen gases. Finally, we present a review of the best available practices to minimise the GHG emissions from composting and the final treatment of composting off-gases.

/pdf/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-organic-waste-composting-4k3zwrx0tu.pdf

Greenhouse gas emissions from organic waste composting

A transplant can be defined as a seedling or sprouted vegetative propagation material grown in a substrate or in the field, for transfer to the final cropping site. Nurseries use a range of growing media in the production of transplants, and the quality of a substrate may be defined in terms of its feasibility for the intended use and also according to the climatic condition of the production site. Peat is the worldwide standard substrate, but because of its origin and the increasing environmental and ecological concerns, new alternatives have been proposed for organic production. Here, we reviewed these new alternatives, assuming that the proposed growing media will need to respond in a proper way to specific plant requirements while also taking them into consideration to be environmental friendly, at the same time. Appropriate composting management combined with suitable feedstock material can produce substrates with adequate properties to develop transplants. Potential added-value benefits of particularized compost have been highlighted, and these include suppressiveness or capacity for plant pathogen control, biofertilization, and biostimulation. This added value is an important point in relation to the framework of organic agriculture because the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is limited. Different permitted fertilizers are proposed by incorporating them by dress fertilization before planting or by foliar fertilization or fertigation during the seedling production phase. In this context, specific beneficial microorganism inoculation demonstrates better and quicker nutrient solubilization. Its inclusion during seedling production not only facilitates plant growth during the germination and seedling stages but also could bring efficient microorganisms or beneficial microorganisms to the field with the transplants. This review will help to bridge the gap between the producers of compost and the seedling plant producers by providing updated literature.

/pdf/organic-substrate-for-transplant-production-in-organic-2vxb1ebquw.pdf

Organic substrate for transplant production in organic nurseries. A review

/pdf/phosphorus-sources-and-management-in-organic-production-21nlyuasvr.pdf

Phosphorus Sources and Management in Organic Production Systems

The application rate of poultry manure as organic fertilizer is restricted due to its low C/P and N/P ratio. This research was set up to find out optimal feedstock composition for composting chicken manure in order to create a soil improver with a higher value as organic fertilizer, and to assess the effects of this process on P availability in the end products. The research is based on two compost experiments with three treatments each, and the chicken manure composts were compared with the end products of green waste compost used as bedding material in chicken houses, centrally processed chicken manure and a stockpiled mixture of green waste compost and chicken manure. In the first compost trial, feedstock materials were compared for composting with fresh chicken manure. The chicken manure compost with 42.5 vol% bark in the feedstock had the highest quality as soil improver in terms of organic matter content, C/P ratio, C/N ratio and stability. Results of the second compost trial indicate that 10 vol% of fresh chicken manure is the upper limit in small-scale on-farm windrow composting above which nutrient losses become too high and the N/P ratio of the obtained fertilizer becomes too low. Stability of the product (expressed as oxygen uptake rate) had a major effect on P availability in the compost. Blending the chicken manure compost with biochar based on holm oak resulted in a more than proportional decrease in easily available P in the biochar-blended compost. P in poultry manure can be recycled through composting and be applied as an organic fertilizer with optimal nutrient ratio and organic matter content when appropriate feedstock materials are selected and the amount of fresh manure in the feedstock mixture is restricted.

Composting for Increasing the Fertilizer Value of Chicken Manure: Effects of Feedstock on P Availability

In this research, the effects of bamboo charcoal on soil contaminant accumulation, soil fertility and plant growth were investigated. The results indicated that sludge composted with bamboo charcoal (BCS) significantly increased plant growth and decreased the mobility of Zn, Cu and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), compared with the composted sludge without bamboo charcoal (CS), with lower absorption and less accumulation of contaminants by the plants. Concentrations of Cu in turfgrass treated with CS were 11.7–23.4% higher than those of turfgrass treated with BCS. Concentrations of Zn in turfgrass treated with CS were 14.2–25.9% higher than those of turfgrass treated with BCS. The concentration of Σ16PAHs (total contents of 16 PAHs that are listed by USEPA as priority pollutants for remediation based on their persistence and carcinogenic potential) in ryegrass grown in yellow loamy soil amended with CS was 680 μg kg−1 and was higher than that of ryegrass treated with BCS (only 439 μg kg−1). The bi...

Impacts upon soil quality and plant growth of bamboo charcoal addition to composted sludge

Total phosphorus, water-soluble phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations in cocomposted yard trimmings and broiler litter were quantified in a 2 m wide × 1 m deep × 55 m long channel composter using batch mixing. The batch mixing occurred by using a rotor tiller type turner mounted on rails for the length of the composting channel. Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations of the compost were measured as they varied with treatment and time during a 63 day compost process followed by a 30 day curing time. The treatments contained a single mix of 50% yard trimmings, 50% poultry litter, by volume, using four aeration and turning treatments. The first treatment was a control, which received no turning or aeration unless the moisture content dropped to 40% and additional water was added to bring the mix up to 50-55% moisture, mix consolidation was required, or mixing to obtain accurate samples and moisture contents, as necessary. Both treatments two and three were aerated by negative pressure ventilation. Tre...

Nitrogen And Phosphorous Dynamics In Cocomposted Yard Trimmings And Broiler Litter

University of Maryland tests show impact of aeration and turning frequency on reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus in finished product.

Testing composting strategies to control N and P

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Nitrogen And Phosphorous Dynamics In Cocomposted Yard Trimmings And Broiler Litter

Testing composting strategies to control N and P