A DNA test to sex most birds.

https://www.esf.edu/EFB/faculty/documents/Forkmanetal2007reviewoffeartestsinanimals_000.pdf

A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses

Hen welfare in different housing systems

Egg shell quality and egg internal quality are of major importance to the egg industry worldwide. This review covers the formation of the hen's egg and ways of measuring egg shell quality and egg internal quality. Egg shell quality may be measured as egg size, egg specific gravity, shell colour, shell breaking strength, shell deformation (destructive or non-destructive), shell weight, percentage shell, shell thickness, and shell ultrastructure. New methods emerge from time to time. Egg internal quality is measured as yolk colour, the integrity of the perivitelline membrane, and albumen quality. Factors that affect egg shell quality and egg internal quality are reviewed- The complexity of the process of egg shell formation means that imperfections can arise in a number of places in the oviduct of the hen. Egg shell quality may be affected by the strain and age of hen ; induced moult ; nutritional factors such as calcium, phosphorus, vitamins, water quality, non-starch polysaccharides, enzymes, contamination of feed ; general stress and heat stress ; disease, production system, or addition of proprietary products to the diets. Egg internal quality may be affected by storage ; hen strain and age ; induced moult, nutrition, and disease. An understanding of the range of factors that affect egg shell quality and egg internal quality is essential for the production of eggs of high quality.

/pdf/factors-affecting-egg-internal-quality-and-egg-shell-quality-2m4g3nqyrv.pdf

Factors Affecting Egg Internal Quality and Egg Shell Quality in Laying Hens

Egg is an encapsulated source of macro and micronutrients that meet all requirements to support embryonic development until hatching. The perfect balance and diversity in its nutrients along with its high digestibility and its affordable price has put the egg in the spotlight as a basic food for humans. However, egg still has to face many years of nutritionist recommendations aiming at restricting egg consumption to limit cardiovascular diseases incidence. Most experimental, clinical, and epidemiologic studies concluded that there was no evidence of a correlation between dietary cholesterol brought by eggs and an increase in plasma total-cholesterol. Egg remains a food product of high nutritional quality for adults including elderly people and children and is extensively consumed worldwide. In parallel, there is compelling evidence that egg also contains many and still-unexplored bioactive compounds, which may be of high interest in preventing/curing diseases. This review will give an overview of (1) the main nutritional characteristics of chicken egg, (2) emerging data related to egg bioactive compounds, and (3) some factors affecting egg composition including a comparison of nutritional value between eggs from various domestic species.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/3/684/pdf

The Golden Egg: Nutritional Value, Bioactivities, and Emerging Benefits for Human Health.

1. A multi-breed experiment was conducted with 25 commercial and traditional lines of laying fowl to determine the extent of between-breed genetic variation for adult body weight, sexual maturity, rate of lay, egg weight and egg composition to 55 weeks of age. The genetic variability for bone strength and eggshell strength was determined at 55 weeks of age and a comparison of commercially selected and traditional breeds was performed. 2. The proportion of the total variation that was associated with breed or line of origin was high (> 0·8) for body weight, sexual maturity and shell colour; moderately high (0·4 to 0·7) for rate of lay, early and late egg weight, weights of egg yolk, albumen and shell at 55 weeks; and low (< 0·4) for egg weight at 42 to 45 weeks, albumen quality and the number of egg inclusions. 3. There were no detectable differences between breed within category (traditional and commercial lines) for rate of lay, and estimates of breed variation for egg weight and egg components were subs...

Genetic variation for egg production, egg quality and bone strength in selected and traditional breeds of laying fowl

1. Two lines of commercial hybrid layers (Tetra and ISA Brown) were reared from hatch to 30 weeks of age in groups of 8. The objectives of the experiment were to evaluate the significance of the different selection practices involved in the development of the lines and to assess the potential association between selected behavioural states and the potential for feather damage and cannibalism. 2. Behavioural tests related to fear (tonic immobility, novel object, open field), sociality (runway, proximity in the home pen) and pecking (feather bunch and focal observations of inter-bird and environmental pecking) were conducted at 0 to 2, 5 to 7, 12 to 14, 19 to 21 and 29 to 31 weeks of age. Scan sampling of general behaviour was also conducted at these ages. 3. Underlying sociality was greater in Tetras than in ISA Brown hens. 4. There were no apparent overall strain differences in fearfulness although ISA Brown hens showed significantly longer tonic immobility fear reactions than Tetras at 31 weeks of age. 5. ISA Brown hens gave and received more gentle pecks than Tetra hens whereas preening was commoner among Tetras. There were no strain differences in the number of pecks at litter or food. 6. As birds aged they showed less avoidance of novel objects and Tetras, though not ISA Browns, showed progressively shorter tonic immobility responses. Birds of both strains spent less time resting, more foraging (pecking and scratching) and pecked more at the feather bunch at older ages. 7. Measures taken in the TI, open field, runway (social affiliation) and feather bunch tests were stable over time whereas focal observations of pecking at hens and the environment were not. 8. Factor Analysis showed that 3 factors defined by the novel object test, environmental pecking and pecking ata feather bunch explained most of the variation in the correlation matrix between summary measures for the 8 behavioural traits.

Age-related changes in fear, sociality and pecking behaviours in two strains of laying hen.

Spatial distribution and behaviour of laying hens housed in an alternative system

Between breed genetic variation for welfare-related behavioural traits in domestic fowl

Comparisons of damaging feather pecking and time budgets in male and female turkeys of a traditional breed and a genetically selected male line

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