Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have been fabricated on high-resistivity, n-type silicon. The resistivity, on the order of 10 000 /spl Omega//spl middot/cm, allows for depletion depths of several hundred micrometers. Fully depleted, back-illuminated operation is achieved by the application of a bias voltage to an ohmic contact on the wafer back side consisting of a thin in situ doped polycrystalline silicon layer capped by indium tin oxide and silicon dioxide. This thin contact allows for a good short-wavelength response, while the relatively large depleted thickness results in a good near-infrared response.

/pdf/fully-depleted-back-illuminated-charge-coupled-devices-5gdl180uro.pdf

Fully depleted, back-illuminated charge-coupled devices fabricated on high-resistivity silicon

■ The Midcourse Space Experiment satellite was launched in 1996 into an 898-km altitude, near sun-synchronous orbit. A principal sensor on board the satellite is the Space-Based Visible (SBV) sensor, a visible-band electro-optical camera designed at Lincoln Laboratory to perform the first technical and functional demonstration of space-based space surveillance. The principal task of the SBV sensor is to gather metric and photometric information on a variety of resident space objects (RSO). In 1997, after the successful technologydemonstration phase of the mission, the SBV sensor was transitioned to a Contributing Sensor in the Space-Surveillance Network. Since April 1998, upon completion of the transition and testing phase, the SBV sensor has responded to daily tasking requests from the 1st Command and Control Squadron, in Cheyenne Mountain, in support of routine RSO catalog maintenance. The Space-Based Space-Surveillance Operations, funded through an Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration with the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, and Air Force Space Command, is now providing the Space-Surveillance Network with the first operational space-based space-surveillance sensor. With its orbital location, wide field of view, and high metric accuracy, the SBV sensor has made a significant contribution to the Space-Surveillance Network, providing more tracks of objects in the geosynchronous belt than any other Space-Surveillance Network sensor.

/pdf/the-space-based-visible-program-2fmj8z16cq.pdf

The Space-Based Visible Program

he Space-Based Visible (SBV) instrument, a small visible-band surveillance sensor built by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Lincoln Laboratory, is part of a sensor ensemble on the Midcourse Space Experiment satellite, a Ballistic Missile Defense Organization program. The SBV sensor is designed to perform above-thehorizon surveillance experiments and acquire visible and very-near-infrared band data (450 to 950 nm) on targets and backgrounds. This article describes the flight configuration of the SBV sensor, its incorporated technologies, its preflight status, and the surveillance experiments to be performed.

The Space-Based Visible Sensor

A small visible-band sensor, built by Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, will be flown as part of a sensor ensemble on the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) satellite, an SDIO program This sensor, as well as the other sensors on MSX, will perform above-the-horizon surveillance experiments and acquire data on targets of interest and background phenomenology This paper discusses the Space-Based Visible (SBV) sensor, the incorporated technologies, and the surveillance experiments to be performed

Space-based visible surveillance experiment

focusing on work on large device formats, improvements in quantum efficiency, and reduction of CCD degradation in the natural space-radiation environment. Research was based on a 420 x 420-pixel frame-transfer device and a new 1024 x 1024-pixel device. To obtain high quantum efficiency from the visible into the UV, a technology for making back-illuminated versions of these devices is being developed. Quantum efficiencies greater than 80 percent in the 500-800 nm band have been obtained with a SiO antireflection coating. Particular attention is given to the problem of charge-transfer inefficiency degradation caused by energetic protons in space-based systems. It is shown that CCDs can be significantly hardened to radiation effects by a combination of special buried channel potential profiles and operation at temperatures around 150 K, where the trap sites created by the protons have emission times much longer than the clock periods.

High-performance visible-UV CCD imagers for space-based applications

Large multichip arrays for close-abutted CCDs (charged-coupled devices) are needed for surveillance applications in the visible band and for X-ray astronomy missions such as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility and the ASTRO-D satellite A 420*420 pixel frame-transfer CCD imager which is designed to be abutted to other imagers on three sides so that arrays of 2*N chips can be constructed has been developed A three-phase, triple-poly, buried-channel process is used, and the die size is 12 mm*20 mm The arrays provide low-noise readout circuitry and high charge-transfer efficiency at low charge levels, critical requirements for both of the above applications The device has also been shown to be suitable as a soft X-ray imager operating in a spectroscopic mode >

An abuttable CCD imager for visible and X-ray focal plane arrays

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An abuttable CCD imager for visible and X-ray focal plane arrays