A widely held assumption is that intensifying agroforestry will lead to sustainable increases in production, societal resilience and food security, urgently needed in the current context of changes in markets, climate and demography. Current thinking assumes that to achieve sustainable innovation a participatory approach with public, civil and private stakeholders is necessary, combined with a systemic, trans-disciplinary approach, rather than a technical approach. This study presents a case of applying the Theory of Change (ToC) concept to test this assumption. The ToC was designed to articulate the process of scaling of action-research findings, and to adapt the research to the context of complex agroforestry systems at plot, household, farm, village and landscape levels. This allowed to develop an intervention logic that unpacks what sustainability means for farmers and other local stakeholders in four West African agroforestry systems. The conceptual approach created an awareness of potential impacts of scaling initiatives based on a ToC with pathways to impact combined with monitoring the effects of the research & development project on a variety of ecological, agronomic and economic performance indicators. A number of constraints and paradoxes that are linked to current research and development short term funding are also discussed.

Research and development challenges in scaling innovation: a case study of the LEAP-Agri RAMSES II project

The Role of Shrub Agroforestry Systems in Increasing Food Security for the West African Sahel

In semi-arid areas, forest and landscape restoration (FLR) practices are being implemented to reverse the land degradation process. The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of FLR practices on soil organic carbon stock (SOCs) under different land uses in the semi-arid region of Burkina Faso. The study was conducted on degraded land under rehabilitation practices for 45, 27, 18 and 11 years, which were compared to similar land without specific rehabilitation measures. The soil was collected in 2018 in 35 sampling plots of 30 m x 30 m. Soil analysis concerned bulk density, soil particle size, soil pH, soil organic carbon content, and respiratory activity of microorganisms. SOCs increased by 150%, 98% and 29% over 0-10 cm depth in 45-, 27- and 11-year of FLR practices, and decreased by 6% in 18-year of FLR practices compared to their respective control. SOCs were not linearly increased with the duration of the implementation of FLR practices because the variation of SOCs depends on several other parameters such as soil texture, and types of combination of FLR practices. The highest SOCs were recorded for 27 years (9.5 t.ha-1) and 45 years (8.5 t.ha-1) of FLR practices. This study revealed the importance of including Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) as one of the combined FLR practices, for improvement of SOCs.

Long-term effect of forest and landscape restoration practices on soil organic carbon stock in semi-arid Burkina Faso

Isotopic Tracer Study of Hydraulic Transfer Between Native Woody Shrubs and Associated Annual Crops Under Dry Conditions in the Sahel

Services écosystémiques et protection des sols

Base sur des cas d'etude au Senegal, ce chapitre dresse le bilan de 15 annees de recherches sur le fonctionnement des sols d'agrosystemes associant plantes cultivees (milarachide) et arbustes natifs au Sahel. Les travaux, publies pour la plupart, ont montre que Guiera senegalensis et Piliostigma reticulatum redistribuent l'eau dans le sol, stimulent les microorganismes du sol et generent des ilots de fertilite au benefice de la culture associee. Ainsi, les rendements des cultures sont augmentes, y compris en absence de fertilisants : jusqu'a +137 % pour le mil en presence de P. reticulatum a Nioro-du-Rip. Cela justifie l'interet de maintenir ces arbustes dans les champs en appliquant une gestion agroecologique.

Les cultures vivrières associées aux arbustes natifs : un modèle adapté au climat sahélien

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Les cultures vivrières associées aux arbustes natifs : un modèle adapté au climat sahélien