The hepatic stellate cell has surprised and engaged physiologists, pathologists, and hepatologists for over 130 years, yet clear evidence of its role in hepatic injury and fibrosis only emerged following the refinement of methods for its isolation and characterization. The paradigm in liver injury of activation of quiescent vitamin A-rich stellate cells into proliferative, contractile, and fibrogenic myofibroblasts has launched an era of astonishing progress in understanding the mechanistic basis of hepatic fibrosis progression and regression. But this simple paradigm has now yielded to a remarkably broad appreciation of the cell's functions not only in liver injury, but also in hepatic development, regeneration, xenobiotic responses, intermediary metabolism, and immunoregulation. Among the most exciting prospects is that stellate cells are essential for hepatic progenitor cell amplification and differentiation. Equally intriguing is the remarkable plasticity of stellate cells, not only in their variable intermediate filament phenotype, but also in their functions. Stellate cells can be viewed as the nexus in a complex sinusoidal milieu that requires tightly regulated autocrine and paracrine cross-talk, rapid responses to evolving extracellular matrix content, and exquisite responsiveness to the metabolic needs imposed by liver growth and repair. Moreover, roles vital to systemic homeostasis include their storage and mobilization of retinoids, their emerging capacity for antigen presentation and induction of tolerance, as well as their emerging relationship to bone marrow-derived cells. As interest in this cell type intensifies, more surprises and mysteries are sure to unfold that will ultimately benefit our understanding of liver physiology and the diagnosis and treatment of liver disease.

/pdf/hepatic-stellate-cells-protean-multifunctional-and-enigmatic-1ctrvjmfhn.pdf

Hepatic Stellate Cells: Protean, Multifunctional, and Enigmatic Cells of the Liver

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Objective. —To determine whether supplements of vitamin A or vitamin E alone or in combination affect the course of retinitis pigmentosa. Design. —Randomized, controlled, double-masked trial with 2×2 factorial design and duration of 4 to 6 years. Electroretinograms, visual field area, and visual acuity were measured annually. Setting. —Clinical research facility. Patients. —601 patients aged 18 through 49 years with retinitis pigmentosa meeting preset eligibility criteria. Ninety-five percent of the patients completed the study. There were no adverse reactions. Intervention. —Patients were assigned to one of four treatment groups receiving 15 000 IU/d of vitamin A, 15 000 IU/d of vitamin A plus 400 IU/d of vitamin E, trace amounts of both vitamins, or 400 IU/d of vitamin E. Main Outcome Measure. —Cone electroretinogram amplitude. Results. —The two groups receiving 15 000 IU/d of vitamin A had on average a slower rate of decline of retinal function than the two groups not receiving this dosage (P=.01). Among 354 patients with higher initial amplitudes, the two groups receiving 15 000 IU/d of vitamin A were 32% less likely to have a decline in amplitude of 50% or more from baseline in a given year than those not receiving this dosage (P=.01), while the two groups receiving 400 IU/d of vitamin E were 42% more likely to have a decline in amplitude of 50% or more from baseline than those not receiving this dosage (P=.03). While not statistically significant, similar trends were observed for rates of decline of visual field area. Visual acuity declined about 1 letter per year in all groups. Conclusions. —These results support a beneficial effect of 15 000 IU/d of vitamin A and suggest an adverse effect of 400 IU/d of vitamin E on the course of retinitis pigmentosa.

A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa.

Objective To summarise the range and frequency of significant adverse events associated with acupuncture in order to provide evidence on which to base continuing efforts to improve the safety of acupuncture practice. Methods Searches were conducted of computerised databases, previous reviews of case reports, population surveys, prospective surveys of acupuncture practice and relevant sections of textbooks for primary and secondary reports to indicate the range of significant adverse events associated with acupuncture. Data from prospective surveys of acupuncture were combined to estimate the incidence of serious adverse events. Results A total of 715 adverse events was included. There were 90 primary reports of trauma, and 186 secondary reports; the most common were pneumothorax and injury to the central nervous system. Infection accounted for 204 primary reports and 91 secondary reports. Over 60% of these cases were hepatitis B. The next most common infection was of the external ear, as a complication of auricular acupuncture. The 144 miscellaneous events mainly comprised seizures and drowsiness judged severe enough to cause a traffic hazard. There were 12 primary reports of deaths. According to the evidence from 12 prospective studies which surveyed more than a million treatments, the risk of a serious adverse event with acupuncture is estimated to be 0.05 per 10 000 treatments, and 0.55 per 10 000 individual patients. Conclusions The risk of serious events occurring in association with acupuncture is very low, below that of many common medical treatments. The range of adverse events reported is wide and some events, specifically trauma and some episodes of infection, are likely to be avoidable.

http://mptalliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Review-of-adverse-events-White2004.pdf

A cumulative review of the range and incidence of significant adverse events associated with acupuncture.

SummaryBackground
Herbal and dietary supplements are commonly used throughout the World There is a tendency for underreporting their ingestion by patients and the magnitude of their use is underrecognised by Physicians Herbal hepatotoxicity is not uncommonly encountered, but the precise incidence and manifestations have not been well characterised

Aims
To review the epidemiology, presentation and diagnosis of herbal hepatotoxicity This review will mainly discuss single ingredients and complex mixtures of herbs marketed under a single label

Methods
A Medline search was undertaken to identify relevant literature using search terms including ‘herbal’, ‘herbs’, ‘dietary supplement’, ‘liver injury’, ‘hepatitis’ and ‘hepatotoxicity’ Furthermore, we scanned the reference lists of the primary and review articles to identify publications not retrieved by electronic searches

Results
The incidence rates of herbal hepatotoxicity are largely unknown The clinical presentation and severity can be highly variable, ranging from mild hepatitis to acute hepatic failure requiring transplantation Scoring systems for the causality assessment of drug-induced liver injury may be helpful, but have not been validated for herbal hepatotoxicity Hepatotoxicity features of commonly used herbal products, such as Ayurvedic and Chinese herbs, black cohosh, chaparral, germander, greater celandine, green tea, Herbalife, Hydroxycut, kava, pennyroyal, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, skullcap, and usnic acid, have been individually reviewed Furthermore, clinically significant herb–drug interactions are also discussed

Conclusions
A number of herbal medicinal products are associated with a spectrum of hepatotoxicity events Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and the risks involved are needed to improve herbal medicine safety

/pdf/review-article-herbal-and-dietary-supplement-hepatotoxicity-fhyoevsgoc.pdf

Review article: herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity

We have seen two patients with watery diarrhea whose work-up revealed a collagenous infiltration beneath the rectal epithelium. Within a year, symptoms disappeared in both. Repeated rectal biopsy revealed the disappearance of the collagen layer. Collagenous colitis may thus present as a transient condition.

Collagenous colitis: a transient condition? Report of two cases.

https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/297468/1/HEV%20J%20Hepatol%202022.pdf

Viral clade is associated with severity of symptomatic genotype 3 Hepatitis E virus infections in Belgium, 2010-2018.

Hépatite B sur acupuncture. Rapport de sept cas.

The prognosis of hepatitis delta infections in Belgium is poor and determined by the hepatitis delta viremia

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/0016-5085(91)90672-8/pdf

Liver damage caused by therapeutic vitamin A administration: estimate of dose-related toxicity in 41 cases.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

C. De Galocsy

Author Tools

Chat about Author