Big GIS analytics framework for agriculture supply chains: A literature review identifying the current trends and future perspectives

This study looks at the land use impact of the biofuels expansion on both the intensive and extensive margin, and its environmental consequences. We link economic, geographical and environmental models by using spatially explicit common units of analysis and use remote sensing crop cover maps and digitized soils data as inputs. Land use changes are predicted via economic analysis of crop rotation choice and tillage under alternative crop prices, and the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model is used to predict corresponding environmental impacts. The study focuses on Iowa, which is the leading biofuels hotspot in the U.S. due to intensive corn production and the high concentration of ethanol plants that comprise 28% of total U.S. production. We consider the impact of the biofuels industry both on current cropland and on land in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), a land set-aside program. We find that substantial shifts in rotations favoring continuous corn rotations are likely if high corn prices are sustained. This is consistent with larger scale analyses which show a shift of the current soybean production out of the Corn Belt. We find that sediment losses increase substantially on the intensive margin, while nitrogen losses increase less. Returning CRP land into production has a vastly disproportionate environmental impact, as non-cropped land shows much higher negative marginal environmental effects when brought back to row crop production. This illustrates the importance of differentiating between the intensive and extensive margin when assessing the expansion of biofuel production.

Land use change in a biofuels hotspot: The case of Iowa, USA

Changes in cropland area in the United States and the role of CRP

Restoration of riparian buffers is an important component of nutrient reduction strategies in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. In 1998, Maryland adopted a Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), which provides financial incentives to take agricultural land out of production to plant streamside vegetation. Between 1998 and 2005, 1–30% of streamside vegetation (average = 11%), was restored to forest or managed grass in 15 agriculturally dominated sub-basins in the Choptank River basin, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. Pre-existing forested buffers represented 10–48% of the streamside (average = 33%), for a total of 12–61% buffered streamsides (average = 44%). Using multi-year water quality data collected before and after CREP implementation (1986, 2003–2006), we were unable to detect significant effects of CREP on baseflow nutrient concentrations based on the area of restored buffer, the percentage of restored streamside, or the percentage of total riparian buffer in the sub-basins (p > 0.05). Although CREP increased the average buffered streamside from 33% in the 1990s to 44% by 2005, N and P concentrations have not changed or have increased in some streams over the last 20 years. Reductions may not have occurred for the following reasons: (1) buffer age, width, and connectivity (gaps) between buffers are also important to nutrient reductions; (2) agricultural nutrient inputs may have increased during this period; and (3) riparian buffer restoration was not extensive enough by 2005 to have measurable affects on the stream water quality in these sub-basins. Significant effects of CREP may yet be resolved as the current CREP buffers mature; however, water quality data through 2006 in the Choptank basin do not yet show any significant effects.

Effects of Restored Stream Buffers on Water Quality in Non-tidal Streams in the Choptank River Basin

e Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) refl ects advancement in U.S. Department of Agriculture agricultural policy by addressing agriculturally related conservation on a multi-farm, landscape scale and establishing funding support and partnerships with state and non-governmental organizations. Underway in 25 states, with more being planned, the CREP addresses environmental issues on the farmed landscape with implications for environmental quality potentially reaching thousands of miles away from where program conservation practices are established. Most CREPs have been initiated only within the last 4 years. Monitoring programs to evaluate CREP performance have been established, but because of time needed to establish vegetative covers, growing participation in the programs over time, and the complexities of landscape-level analysis, quantifi able results are limited. Environmental data related to CREP eff ects on water quality and wildlife habitats are being collected for future assessments and refi nement of the program. By addressing state-identifi ed priorities, landowner needs, and social issues, the CREP off ers substantial promise to fully integrate economically viable agricultural production and eff ective conservation.

/pdf/the-conservation-reserve-enhancement-program-3ypeeigc74.pdf

The Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program

A methodology of determining regional estimates of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) areas required to achieve a given percentage reduction of localized agricultural sediment yield is introduced. Using South Dakota as a test domain, a collection of regional-scale databases was used to compile a statewide erosion vulnerability map based on Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) factors. This was then arranged into climate, erosion risk, soil and topographic zones. Statistical procedures were then employed to extract predominant input values required for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model applicable to each of these zones. WEPP simulations using these inputs provided estimates of grass buffer strip areas required to achieve targeted percentage reductions of sediment yield in each of these zones. The response of each of these zones towards employment of grass buffer was found to vary considerably. Comparison with small-scale field studies suggest that the WEPP model can be used to measure efficiency of grass buffer strips in different zones. This approach demonstrates how regional analyses using factor-based erosion models can be combined effectively with process-based field-scale erosion models to provide viable estimates of sediment reduction due to adoption of CRP-type grass buffer strip practices.

Assessing regional impacts of Conservation Reserve Program-type grass buffer strips on sediment load reduction from cultivated lands

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Assessing regional impacts of Conservation Reserve Program-type grass buffer strips on sediment load reduction from cultivated lands