https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1222&context=ameslab_manuscripts

Current progress and future challenges in rare-earth-free permanent magnets

Composition dependence of structure, physical and mechanical properties of FeCoNi(MnAl)x high entropy alloys

The constant drive to replace rare-earth metal magnets has initiated great interest in an alternative. Manganese (Mn) has emerged to be a potential candidate as a key element in rare-earth-free magnets. Its five unpaired valence electrons give it a large magnetocrystalline energy and the ability to form several intermetallic compounds. These factors have led Mn-based magnets to be a potential replacement for rare-earth permanent magnets for several applications, such as efficient power electronics, energy generators, magnetic recording and tunneling applications, and spintronics. For past few decades, Mn-based magnets have been explored in many different forms, such as bulk magnets, thin films, and nanoparticles. Here, we review the recent progress in the synthesis and structure-magnetic property relationships of Mn-based rare-earth-free magnets (MnBi, MnAl and MnGa). Furthermore, we discuss their potential to replace rare-earth magnetic materials through the control of their structure and composition to achieve the theoretically predicted magnetic properties.

Rare-earth-free high energy product manganese-based magnetic materials

Recent advances in rare-earth-free hard-magnetic materials including magnetic bulk, thin films, nanocomposites and nanostructures are introduced. Since the costs of the rare-earth metals boosts up the price of the high-performance rare-earth permanent magnets, there is a much revived interest in various types of hard-magnetic materials based on rare-earth-free compounds. The 3d transition metals and their alloys with large coercivity and high Curie temperatures (working temperatures) are expected to overcome the disadvantages of rare-earth magnets. Making rare-earth-free magnets with a large energy product to meet tomorrow’s energy needs is still a challenge.

Recent developments of rare-earth-free hard-magnetic materials

Stabilization of τ-phase in carbon-doped MnAl magnetic alloys

MnAl alloys are attractive candidates to potentially replace rare earth hard magnets because of their superior mechanical strength, reasonable magnetic properties, and low cost. In this study, the phase transitions and magnetic properties of melt spun Mn55Al45 based alloys doped with C, B, and rare earth (RE) elements were investigated. As-spun Mn–Al, Mn–Al–C, and Mn–Al–C–RE ribbons possessed a hexagonal e crystal structure. Phase transformations between the e and the L10 (τ) phase are of interest. The e → τ transformation occurred at ~500 °C and the reversed τ → e transformation was observed at ~800 °C. Moderate carbon addition promoted the formation of the desired hard magnetic L10 τ-phase and improved the hard magnetic properties. The Curie temperature T
 C of the τ phase is very sensitive to the C concentration. Dy or Pr doping in MnAlC alloy had no significant effect on T
 C. Pr addition can slightly improve the magnetic properties of MnAlC alloy, especially JS. Doping B could not enhance the magnetic properties of MnAl alloy since B is not able to stabilize either the e phase or the L10 hard magnetic τ phase.

Phase transitions and hard magnetic properties for rapidly solidified MnAl alloys doped with C, B, and rare earth elements

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Phase transitions and hard magnetic properties for rapidly solidified MnAl alloys doped with C, B, and rare earth elements