This paper presents a comprehensive review of advanced technologies with various control approaches in terms of their respective merits and outcomes for power grids. Distributed energy storage control is classified into automatic voltage regulator and load frequency control according to corresponding functionalities. These control strategies maintain a power balance between generation and demand. Besides, three basic electric vehicle charging technologies can be distinguished, i.e. stationary, quasi-dynamic and dynamic control. For realizing charge-sustaining operation at minimum cost quasi-dynamic and dynamic strategies are adopted for in-route charging, while stationary control can only be utilized when the electric vehicle is in stationary mode. Moreover, power system frequency stability and stabilization techniques in non-synchronous generator systems are reviewed in the paper. Specifically, a synchronverter can damp power system oscillations and ensure stability by providing virtual inertia. Furthermore, it is crucial to manage the massive information and ensure its security in the smart grid. Therefore, several attack detection and mitigation schemes against cyber-attacks are further presented to achieve reliable, resilient, and stable operation of the cyber-physical power system. Thus, bidirectional electrical power flows with two-way digital control and communication capabilities have poised the energy producers and utilities to restructure the conventional power system into a robust smart distribution grid. These new functionalities and applications provide a pathway for clean energy technology. Finally, future research trends on smart grids such as IoT-based communication infrastructure, distributed demand-response with artificial intelligence and machine learning solutions, and synchrophasor-based wide-area monitoring protection and control (WAMPC) are examined in the present study.

Operational planning steps in smart electric power delivery system.

Power quality is gaining a lot of interest lately by researchers and engineers as electricity is a vital part of our daily life. The aim of this paper is to survey some of the recent existing systems, techniques and methods that are being used to monitor power quality. The survey focuses mainly on power quality monitoring systems which are composed of various tools, software, communication links etc. that work together as one coherent system. Another goal is to develop an understanding about the quality management in the area of power industry. Some of the methods and techniques that are presented discuss about power quality meter placement techniques. Finding the best locations to place the power quality monitors in the electrical grid is done by developing algorithms and approaches to find the appropriate number of monitors and the appropriate locations to place them in order to reduce the cost of the PQM system and increase its efficiency. The paper discusses the basic idea of each method or system in order to have an understanding about its importance and role. Then, a simple comparison is made between the techniques in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. After that, international industry practices and guidelines for power quality monitoring and management are discussed. Lastly, some examples for the efforts that are made in the area of power quality improvement are discussed.

Review of power quality monitoring systems

Operational concerns and solutions in smart electricity distribution systems

The chapter covers general issues related to power quality in Electric Arc Furnaces. The use of electric arc furnaces (EAF) for steelmaking has grown dramatically in the last decade. Of the steel made today 36% is produced by the electric arc furnace route and this share will increase to 50 by 2030. The electric arc furnaces are used for melting and refining metals, mainly iron in the steel production. AC and DC arc furnaces represent one of the most intensive disturbing loads in the sub-transmission or transmission electric power systems; they are characterized by rapid changes in absorbed powers that occur especially in the initial stage of melting, during which the critical condition of a broken arc may become a short circuit or an open circuit. In the particular case of the DC arc furnaces, the presence of the AC/DC static converters and the random motion of the electric arc, whose nonlinear and time-varying nature is well known, are responsible for dangerous perturbations such as waveform distortions and voltage fluctuations. Nowadays, arc furnaces are designed for very large power input ratings and due to the nature of both, the electrical arc and the melt down process, these devices can cause large power quality problems on the electrical net, mainly harmonics, inter-harmonics, flicker and voltage imbalances. The Voltage-Current characteristic of the arc is non-linear, what can cause harmonic currents. These currents, when circulating by the electric net can produce harmonic voltages, which can affect to other users. In evaluation and limitation, there are some definitions and standards to quantify the disturbance levels, such as (***IEC, 1999), (***IEEE 1995), and (***IEEE, 1996). and. The total harmonic distortion (THD), short-term voltage flicker severity (Pst), and long-term voltage flicker severity (Plt) are used. However, sometimes it is desired to record voltage and current waveforms in the specified duration to track the disturbance levels.

/pdf/power-quality-and-electrical-arc-furnaces-2h1pibh3mh.pdf

Power Quality and Electrical Arc Furnaces

The general description of architecture and classification of power systems are presented at the beginning of the first chapter. Afterwards the basic concepts and analysis methods of electrical power systems are given, being accompanied by many examples of calculation. Also the power flow between the generators and consumers has been considered. In order to characterize the parameters of power systems next section of the first chapter is dedicated to measurement methods of power systems parameters. Electrical energy needed to power industrial or household electric consumers, like any other product, should satisfy specific quality requirements. In this respect the power quality aspects and the standards for power systems parameters are presented. The flow of reactive power and energy in power systems produces significant effects on the optimal functioning of suppliers and customers which are connected. Therefore in the last section of first chapter is defined the importance of reactive power in AC power systems and on its various understandings. Usually the first chapter is closed with a large list of bibliographic references.

Electrical power systems

The momentum of today is focused on smart grid facilities that allow green energies to be used in electrical networks. But an important issue is to have powerful tools at hand able to measure power quality parameters in a flexible way in such grids. This paper present a flexible system designed and implemented to monitor power quality parameters in the power grid. Not only real time monitoring was taken into account but also a build-in database was designed for inspections and long term statistics. Different measurement standards can be used in order to provide flexible information in energy measurements.

Power quality monitoring systems for smart grid networks

The three - phase electric arc furnaces represent one of the important generators of harmonic currents, reactive power and unbalanced conditions in the electrical power supply networks. This paper presents a study with experimental results concerning the parameters of quality of electrical energy at three-phase electric arc furnace.

Power quality and experimental determinations of the electrical arc furnaces

A new method for calculation of first order sensitivity and sensitivity groups for linear and non-reciprocal networks in non-sinusoidal regime is presented. The sensitivity computation uses the network transfer functions with respect to the input pa- rameters. Such a group of linear dependent parameters is defined the relative input values of current and voltage harmonics. The interdependence of the various network sensitivities for a given network needs special consideration. Numerical given example is used for the discussion of some aspects related to the sensitivity groups' problems.

Sensitivity Analysis of the Linear Networks in Non- sinusoidal Regime

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Papers

Power quality monitoring systems for smart grid networks

Power quality and experimental determinations of the electrical arc furnaces

Sensitivity Analysis of the Linear Networks in Non- sinusoidal Regime