Among various water purification and recycling technologies, adsorption is a fast, inexpensive and universal method. The development of low-cost adsorbents has led to the rapid growth of research interests in this field. The present protocol describes salient features of adsorption and details experimental methodologies for the development and characterization of low-cost adsorbents, water treatment and recycling using adsorption technology including batch processes and column operations. The protocol describes the development of inexpensive adsorbents from waste materials, which takes only 1-2 days, and an adsorption process taking 15-120 min for the removal of pollutants. The applications of batch and column processes are discussed, along with suggestions to make this technology more popular and applicable.

/pdf/advances-in-water-treatment-by-adsorption-technology-jevlg7pb9w.pdf

Advances in water treatment by adsorption technology

Processing methods, characteristics and adsorption behavior of tire derived carbons: a review.

Using reverse osmosis to obtain organic matter from surface and ground waters

The aim for this research is to study inexpensive and effective metal ion adsorbents from biomass sources of modified lignin to offer these adsorbents as replacements for existing commercial materials. The initial concentrations were increased up to 12.7 ppm for Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Zn 2+ in order to reach the plateau values which represent saturation of the active points which are available for interaction with metal ions on the lignin samples. The maximum adsorption capacities are 11.3, 17.5, and 7.7 mg per g of the lignin for Zn 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Cd 2+ , respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity is higher than 20 mg per g of the lignin for Cu 2+ ion. The maximum adsorption percentage is 96.7 for Pb 2+ for 4 h at 330 K and is 95.0 for Zn 2+ for 10 h at 290 K. The adsorption of all heavy metal ions first increases with pH and almost reaches a plateau value around 4.0 for Cu 2+ , 4.5 for Zn 2+ , 5.0 for Pb 2+ . High adsorption at higher pH values implies that metal ions interact with lignin by ion exchange.

Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions via Adsorption onto Modified Lignin from Pulping Wastes

Ion exchange systems for the treatment of process water or wastewater may benefit by the use of inexpensive, disposable exchange materials before, or in place of, conventional regenerable exchange resins. Various agricultural by-products have been proposed as suitable exchangers for this role, but they generally fail to have adequate capacity and physical stability for most applications. Two by-products, soybean hull and sugar beet fiber, were found to have enhanced cation-exchange capacity and stability upon treatment with epichlorophydrin and base. Exchange capacity was determined by measuring calcium binding. Physical stability was judged by three different aqueous extraction regimens. The most efficacious and economical reaction conditions found were: soybean hull and sugar beet fiber hydrated with water at a water-to-solids ratio of 6.4 : 1 and 8 : 1 (v/w), respectively, and epichlorohydrin applied at a 0.3 : 1 (v/w) ratio, for 6 h at room temperature. The resultant cross-linked materials had cation-exchange capacities of approximately 0.9 (soybean hull) and 1.3 (sugar beet fiber) meq/g dry weight. These epichlorohydrin-treated agricultural by-products may serve as cost-effective, multivalent-cation exchanges. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Crop resides as lon‐exchange materials. Treatment of soybean hull and sugar beet fiber (pulp) with epichlorohydrin to improve cation‐exchange capacity and physical stability

Ion exchange technology: by D. Naden and M. Streat (Eds.), published for the Society of Chemical Industry by Ellis Horwood, Ltd., U.K.; in other countries by John Wiley and Sons, 1984, 742 pages, hard cover, £45 (approximately $60).

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Ion exchange technology: by D. Naden and M. Streat (Eds.), published for the Society of Chemical Industry by Ellis Horwood, Ltd., U.K.; in other countries by John Wiley and Sons, 1984, 742 pages, hard cover, £45 (approximately $60).