We formulate a model which can describe fluids with a non-monotone shear stress/shear rate relationship. It is shown how yield stress fluids arise as a limiting case of such a model. Differences between critical stresses for “fast” and “slow” yielding, hysteresis phenomena and thixotropy are naturally explained by the model.

The mathematics of myth: Yield stress behavior as a limit of non-monotone constitutive theories

Even though sealants are commonly used to insulate crack and joints preventing water from entering the underlying structure, extended exposure of sealants to water has shown to negatively impact sealants properties causing gradual degradation of its performance. However, sealants show different degradation rates when exposed to water depending on their chemical composition and environmental conditions. While there have been many studies on characterizing sealant performance in dry conditions, there has been no comprehensive experimental test to evaluate crack sealants' water susceptibility based on a fundamental material property. As such this paper investigates the effect of water exposure on three different crack sealants commonly used in cold, moderate and hot climates. It is hypothesized that water penetrates into the interface between crack sealant and substrates causing progressive adhesion failure and that the rate of failure varies depending on the sealant’s surface chemistry as related to its interaction with water molecules in different environmental conditions. Accordingly, this paper measures the change in a sealant’s adhesion strength and surface energy before and after water conditioning. To study adhesion strength and its change due to water conditioning, three different types of sealant were tested using Direct Adhesion Tester (DAT). It was found that the adhesion strength of all three crack sealants reduces due to water exposure. In addition, to evaluate the surface properties and water phobicity of each sealant, the contact angle between a droplet of water and sealant surface was measured before and after conditioning at different temperatures. The objective of the latter experiment was to determine whether sealants' susceptibility to water would vary with pavement surface temperature. To do so, a sessile drop method utilizing FTA-1000 was used to determine the contact angle for each of the aforementioned water-sealant pairs at different temperatures. The results obtained were further used to calculate the work of adhesion at each scenario to be correlated to mechanical adhesion strength measured with DAT.

Investigating Effects of Water Conditioning on Adhesion Properties of Crack Sealant

This paper investigates the effect of water exposure on three different crack sealants commonly used in cold, moderate and hot climates. It is hypothesized that water penetrates into the interface between crack sealant and substrates causing progressive adhesion failure and that the rate of failure varies depending on the sealant’s surface chemistry as relates to its interaction with water molecules in different environmental conditions. Accordingly, this paper measures the change in sealant’s adhesion strength and surface energy before and after water conditioning. To study adhesion strength and its change due to water conditioning, three different types of sealant were tested using Direct Adhesion Tester (DAT). It was found that the adhesion strength of all three crack sealants reduces due to water exposure. In addition, to evaluate the surface properties and water phobicity of each sealant, the contact angle between a droplet of water and sealant surface was measured before and after conditioning at different temperature. The objective of the latter experiment was to determine whether sealants susceptibility to water would vary with pavement surface temperature. To do so, a sessile drop method utilizing FTA-1000 was used to determine the contact angle for each of the aforementioned water-sealant pairs at different temperatures. The results obtained were further used to calculate the work of adhesion at each scenario to be correlated to mechanical adhesion strength measured with DAT.

Investigating effects of water conditioning on the adhesion properties of crack sealant

The consequences on electrical conductivity of the various processing steps used to form a double network rubber are summarized in Table 4. Although the objective was not be achieved herein, the potential for using double network rubbers to attain enhanced conductivity remains. Alternate procedures enabling residual extensions exceeding 100% are suggested for future work. Specific conclusions drawn from this study are as follows: 1. The time dependence of the electrical resistivity after imposition of a tensile strain depends on the magnitude of the strain. The observed behaviour is consistent with breakup of carbon black agglomeration at low strains (with concomitant reduction in conductivity), and with promotion of interparticle contacting at higher strains

Electrical conductivity in rubber double networks

Test methodology for performance assessment of structural sealant glazing systems at superimposed mechanical and climatic loading

Quantification of mechanical properties, such as nonlinear viscoelastic behavior, for a cured sealant is complicated by the presence of the Mullins effect. This article examines the mechanical behavior of five different sealants materials encompassing the range of currently available commercial sealant formulations. The Mullins effect was observed for all materials and was present in both tensile and compression experiments. If a previously tested sample was allowed to rest (remain unloaded) for a sufficiently long period of time, however, the Mullins effect was partially recovered; that is, the modulus measured during the first mechanical loading following the rest period was greater than that obtained on subsequent loadings. Samples were then preloaded to remove the Mullins effect, and their nonlinear viscoelastic properties were examined using stress–relaxation experiments. Although the behavior was complex, the time and strain dependences were sufficiently independent so that time–strain superposition could be used to simplify modeling and characterization without introducing significant errors. A simple empirical equation was formulated to describe the behavior for all five sealants over the range of strains and time scales examined. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers

Characterizing the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of sealant, including its Mullins effect

The paper describes the development, implementation, and testing of two thermally driven outdoor exposure instruments. These devices are unique in their ability to impose field generated thermally induced strain on sealant specimens while monitoring their resulting load and displacement. The instruments combine a fixed wood and steel supporting frame with a moving polyvinyl chloride frame, and employ differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the supporting frame and moving frame to induce strain on the sealant specimens. Two different kinds of instruments have been fabricated, “winter/tension” and “winter/compression” designs. In the winter/tension design, the thermally induced dimensional change is directly transferred to the specimens; while in the winter/compression design, the samples are loaded in an opposite direction with the dimensional change. Both designs are instrumented to monitor load and displacement and are built so that the strain on the specimen does not exceed ±25% over the range of temperatures expected in Gaithersburg, MD. Additionally, a weather station is colocated with the device to record environmental conditions in 1 min intervals. This combination of weather information with mechanical property data enables a direct link between environmental conditions and the corresponding sealant response. The reliability and effectiveness of these instruments are demonstrated with a typical sealant material. The results show that the instruments work according to the design criteria and provide a meaningful quantitative platform to monitor the mechanical response of sealant exposed to outdoor weathering

Design, fabrication, and implementation of thermally driven outdoor testing devices for building joint sealants.

A novel sealant testing device was used to continuously monitor the mechanical properties of a one-part silicone sealant for movement cycles initiated from 10 to 168 h after sample creation. These cure times fall between the proposed RILEM TC-139 technical recommendation of 5 min and the ASTM C719 standard of 21 days. At 10 h of cure, enough crosslinking occurred before testing such that neither the overall movement history of the sample nor the deformation step shapes affected subsequent curing of the sealant. A critical parameter for sealant performance appears to be the extent of cure at the onset of movement. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers

Studies on the effect of movement during the cure on the mechanical properties of a silicone building joint sealant

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Characterizing the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of sealant, including its Mullins effect

Design, fabrication, and implementation of thermally driven outdoor testing devices for building joint sealants.

Studies on the effect of movement during the cure on the mechanical properties of a silicone building joint sealant